Table 3 Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) associated with prenatal exposure to B2AR agonists
From: Prenatal exposure to β2-adrenergic receptor agonists and risk of autism spectrum disorders
Exposurea | No. (%) | P valueb | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)c | Adjusted OR (95% CI)d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASD cases (n = 291) | Controls (n = 284) | |||||
Any B2AR agoniste | ||||||
Preconception period | 9 (3.09) | 6 (2.11) | 0.46 | 1.6 (0.6–4.4) | 1.9 (0.6–6.1) | 2.0 (0.6–6.4) |
Pregnancy period | 55 (18.90) | 42 (14.79) | 0.19 | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) |
First Trimester | 15 (5.15) | 10 (3.52) | 0.34 | 1.6 (0.7–3.5) | 1.4 (0.6–3.6) | 1.6 (0.6–4.0) |
Second Trimester | 19 (6.53) | 15 (5.28) | 0.53 | 1.3 (0.7–2.7) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 1.4 (0.6–3.1) |
Third Trimester | 41 (14.09) | 34 (11.97) | 0.45 | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) |
Terbutaline | ||||||
Preconception period | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | – | – | – | |
Pregnancy period | 33 (11.34) | 22 (7.75) | 0.14 | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) |
First Trimester | 1 (0.34) | 0 (0.00) | 0.32 | – | – | – |
Second Trimester | 1 (0.34) | 1 (0.35) | 0.99 | 1.0 (0.1–16.7) | 0.8 (0.0–29.1) | 0.8 (0.0–31.8) |
Third Trimester | 32 (11.00) | 22 (7.75) | 0.18 | 1.5 (0.9–2.7) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) |
Albuterol | ||||||
Preconception period | 9 (3.09) | 6 (2.11) | 0.46 | 1.6 (0.6–4.4) | 1.9 (0.6–6.1) | 2.0 (0.6–6.4) |
Pregnancy period | 27 (9.28) | 20 (7.04) | 0.33 | 1.4 (0.8–2.6) | 1.3 (0.7–2.6) | 1.5 (0.7–2.9) |
First Trimester | 14 (4.81) | 9 (3.17) | 0.31 | 1.6 (0.7–3.8) | 1.6 (0.6–4.1) | 1.7 (0.6–4.4) |
Second Trimester | 18 (6.19) | 14 (4.93) | 0.51 | 1.3 (0.7–2.8) | 1.3 (0.6–3.0) | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) |
Third Trimester | 12 (4.12) | 12 (4.23) | 0.95 | 1.0 (0.5–2.4) | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) | 1.1 (0.4–2.7) |