Table 2 Characteristics of responders and non-responders

General

 Gender, % male

51

65

0.01

 Age, median (range)

9.6 (4.1–16.7) yr

10.0 (4.1–16.6) yr

0.45

Epilepsy

 Seizure frequency (chart-based), median (range)

1/wk (0/3 mo–20/h)

1/wk (0/3 mo–12/h)

0.64

 Seizure frequency (questionnaire-based), median (range)

2/wk (0/3 mo–15/day)

-

-

 Etiology (chart-based), %

0.78

  Genetic

11

13

  Structural

48

42

  Metabolic

4

5

  Unknown

36

39

 Seizure classification (chart-based), %

  Focal

44

45

0.91

  Generalized

51

59

0.17

  Epileptic spasms

2

1

0.62

  Unknown

18

16

0.76

 Localization (chart-based), distribution, %

0.06

  Focal

57

48

  Multifocal

22

24

  Generalized

18

19

  Unknown

3

9

 Localization (chart-based), lobe, %

  Frontal

18

5

<0.001

  Temporal

20

9

0.006

  Parietal

15

8

0.16

  Occipital

6

4

0.60

  Unknown

15

25

0.07

 Anti-epileptic treatment (questionnaire-based), %

  AED

98

-

-

   GABA enhancers

50

-

   Glutamate receptor antagonists

8

-

   Sodium channel blockers

60

-

   Calcium channel blockers

25

-

   Other

32

-

  Vagal nerve stimulator

6

-

-

  Ketogenic diet

6

-

-

Developmental

 Intelligence

  Intellectual disability (chart-based), %

42

47

0.36

  IQ or DQ (test-based), median (range)

80 (23–148)

-

-

 ADHD

  Diagnosis (chart-based), %

1

5

0.10

  Symptoms (SDQ questionnaire-based), %

   Abnormal

38

-

-

   Borderline

14

-

   Normal

48

-

 ASD

  Diagnosis (chart-based), %

12

11

0.86

  Symptoms (SRS questionnaire-based), %

   Severe ASD symptoms

12

-

-

   ASD symptoms

11

-

   Mild/moderate ASD symptoms

33

-

   No ASD symptoms

44

-