Study (reference) | Total N | Age group analysis | Clinical group | Control group | Included in brain volume corrected analysis | Comorbidity with dyslexia or ADHD noted in exclusion criteria | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % male | Mean age (years) | N | % male | Mean age (years) | |||||
ADHD | ||||||||||
 Ahrendts et al. [64] | 62 | Adult | 31 | 65 | 31.2 | 31 | 65 | 31.5 | Yes | No learning disability |
 Bonath et al. [65] | 36 | - | 18 | 100 | 13.6 | 18 | 100 | 14.1 | Yes | - |
 Bralten et al. [66] | 503 | - | 307 | 68 | 17.1 | 196 | 51 | 16.7 | No | No learning disability |
 Brieber et al. [67] | 30 | - | 15 | 100 | 13.1 | 15 | 100 | 13.3 | Yes | - |
 Carmona et al. [68] | 50 | Child | 25 | 84 | 10.8 | 25 | 84 | 11.2 | Yes | - |
 He et al. [69] | 72 | Child | 37 | 100 | 9.9 | 35 | 100 | 10.7 | Yes | - |
 Iannaccone et al. [70] | 40 | - | 20 | 61 | 14.5 | 20 | 50 | 14.8 | Yes | - |
 Johnston et al. [71] | 68 | - | 34 | 100 | 12.5 | 34 | 100 | 13.2 | No | - |
 Kappel et al. (adults) [72] | 36 | Adult | 16 | 94 | 23.5 | 20 | 100 | 23.7 | No | - |
 Kappel et al. (children) [72] | 24 | Child | 14 | 71 | 9.8 | 10 | 80 | 11.0 | No | - |
 Kaya et al. [73] | 37 | Child | 19 | 71 | 10.3 | 18 | 67 | 10.2 | No | - |
 Kobel et al. [74] | 26 | Child | 14 | 100 | 10.4 | 12 | 100 | 10.9 | Yes | - |
 Kumar et al. [75] | 36 | Child | 18 | 100 | 9.6 | 18 | 100 | 9.7 | Yes | No learning disability |
 Lim et al. [76] | 58 | - | 29 | 100 | 13.8 | 29 | 100 | 14.4 | No | No dyslexia |
 McAlonan et al. [77] | 59 | Child | 28 | 100 | 9.9 | 31 | 100 | 9.6 | Yes | - |
 Montes et al. [78] | 40 | Adult | 20 | 50 | 29.0 | 20 | 50 | 27.6 | No | - |
 Moreno-Alcazar et al. [79] | 88 | Adult | 44 | 66 | 31.6 | 44 | 66 | 32.6 | No | - |
 Overmeyer et al. [80] | 34 | Child | 18 | 83 | 10.4 | 16 | 94 | 10.3 | Yes | No learning disability |
 Roman-Urrestarazu et al. [81] | 83 | Adult | 49 | 76 | 22.2 | 34 | 50 | 22.9 | No | - |
 Sasayama et al. [82] | 35 | Child | 18 | 72 | 10.6 | 17 | 71 | 10.0 | Yes | No learning disability |
 Van Wingen et al. [83] | 29 | Adult | 14 | 100 | 32.0 | 15 | 100 | 37.0 | Yes | - |
 Villemonteix et al. (med naïve group) [84] | 57 | Child | 33 | 55 | 10.3 | 24 | 50 | 10.0 | No | - |
 Villemonteix et al. (med group) [84] | 44 | Child | 20 | 80 | 10.4 | 24 | 50 | 10.0 | No | - |
 Yang et al. [85] | 114 | Child | 57 | 61 | 11.1 | 57 | 60 | 11.7 | Yes | - |
 Totals or sample size-weighted averages | 1661 |  | 898 | 76 | 16.5 | 763 | 71 | 16.6 |  |  |
Dyslexia | ||||||||||
 Brambati et al. [86] | 21 | - | 10 | 50 | 31.6 | 11 | 45 | 27.4 | Yes | No psychiatric |
 Brown et al. [87] | 30 | Adult | 16 | 100 | 24.0 | 14 | 100 | matched to clinical grp | No | No ADHD |
 Eckert et al. [88] | 26 | Child | 13 | 100 | 11.4 | 13 | 100 | 11.3 | Yes | No psychiatric |
 Evans et al. (male adults) [89] | 28 | Adult | 14 | 100 | 42.9 | 14 | 100 | 41.1 | Yes | No severe psychiatric |
 Evans et al. (female adults) [89] | 26 | Adult | 13 | 0 | 34.0 | 13 | 0 | 27.9 | Yes | No severe psychiatric |
 Evans et al. (male children) [89] | 30 | Child | 15 | 100 | 9.6 | 15 | 100 | 8.3 | Yes | No severe psychiatric |
 Evans et al. (female children) [89] | 34 | Child | 17 | 0 | 10.1 | 17 | 0 | 9.1 | Yes | No severe psychiatric |
 Hoeft et al. [90] | 38 | - | 19 | 53 | 14.4 | 19 | 53 | 14.4 | Yes | No psychiatric |
 Jednoróg et al. [91] | 236 | Child | 130 | 57 | 10.3 | 106 | 48 | 10.2 | Yes | No ADHD |
 Kronbichler et al. [92] | 28 | - | 13 | 100 | 15.9 | 15 | 100 | 15.5 | Yes | No psychiatric |
 Liu et al. [93] | 36 | Child | 18 | 72 | 11.8 | 18 | 83 | 11.8 | Yes | No ADHD |
 Silani et al. [94] | 64 | Adult | 32 | 100 | 24.4 | 32 | 100 | 26.3 | No | - |
 Siok et al. [95] | 32 | Child | 16 | 50 | 11.0 | 16 | 81 | 11.0 | Yes | No ADHD |
 Steinbrink et al. [96] | 16 | Adult | 8 | 75 | 20.1 | 8 | 75 | 23.7 | Yes | No psychiatric |
 Tamboer et al. [97] | 94 | Adult | 37 | 16 | 20.6 | 57 | 12 | 20.3 | Yes | No ADHD |
 Vinckenbosch et al. [98] | 23 | Adult | 13 | 100 | Adults | 10 | 100 | Adults | Yes | No ADHD |
 Xia et al. [99] | 48 | Child | 24 | 58 | 12.5 | 24 | 50 | 12.5 | No | No psychiatric |
 Yang et al. [100] | 23 | Child | 9 | 33 | 12.6 | 14 | 43 | 12.3 | Yes | No ADHD |
 Totals or Sample size-weighted averages | 833 |  | 417 | 61 | 16.4 | 416 | 57 | 16.5 |  |  |