Fig. 1

The damage of ROS from ethanol metabolism to neuronal development through multiple pathways. a Ethanol decreases the level of antioxidant enzymes in the embryo; b Ethanol is metabolized by NADPH oxidase in mitochondria to produce excessive by-products of ROS; c Overabundant ROS can enter the nuclei and directly attack dsDNA causing diverse types of DNA damage; d Overabundant ROS can catch H chain from lipids and peroxidize them to produce LOO; e The LOO ·produced bind to DNA to generate DNA adducts that indirectly damage dsDNA; f Overabundant ROS activates microglia via PRRs on the microglia membrane