Fig. 2

The FASD pathways of Ethanol-mediated neurotoxicity. a Ethanol causes an increase in the phosphorylation level of S1152, resulting in the structural domain ECD sensitive to ethanol more bound; b Ethanol binding ECD Ig-4 impairs the biofunction of NCAM; c Ethanol directly drives DNA methylation transferase to increase the methylation of genes; d Ethanol directly attacks DNA and its histones, causing cell cycle arrest and DNA breakage; e Ethanol causes a decrease in NF-κB through the cAMP/PKA pathway by targeting the promoter EGR1,miR-145, etc.; f Ethanol can hypersensitize the HPAA axis and consequently increase GABAergic interneuron; g Ethanol inhibits the IGF-IGFBP pathway and decreases the levels of NGF, BDNF, resulting in neuronal undernutrition and dysplasia