Table 2 The summary of oxidative stress injury through multiple molecular mechanisms
Neurotoxic injury | Authors | Methods | Â | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Epigenetic injury | Ana M Romero et. Prakash A et. Nadia R et | C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 2.5 g/kg/d of 10% alcohol solution throughout pregnancy and labeled with 2H2O. Histones were analyzed using GC–MS, confocal | Histone injury | Alcohol causes deformation and reduction of histones in the embryonic brain and prevents the recruitment of repair factor 53BP1 |
| Â | Sarkar DK et Loke YJ et Ozturk NC et Legault LM et | C57BL/6 mice were dosed with 2.5Â g/kg ethanol given twice via injection in early to mid-pregnancy. Gene methylation in embryos was measured by MeCP2, qPCR. Clinical study, DNA methylation analysis of placenta, blood | DNA hypermethylation | DNA methylation is elevated in several signaling genes including POMC, PER2, calcitoninogen, glutamatergic synapses and Hippo |
Neurotrophic | Chang GQ et Ceccanti M et | Mid-pregnancy rats were given 2Â g/kg of ethanol (30%) orally. FGF2-FGFR1 and MCH were analyzed by RNA in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence C57BL/6 were orally treated with 1.5Â g/kg of ethanol throughout the gestation. NGF and BDNF were quantitatively localized | FGF2 NGF, BDNF | Ethanol causes abnormal MCH expression through activation of FGF2-FGFR1 NGF and BDNF are most sensitive to ethanol stimulation and significantly reduced |
|  | Yu L, Zhou J et. Louis LK et | Human embryonic stem cells were exposed to 100 mM ethanol for 48 h. Proliferation and differentiation capacity and were subjected to whole genome analysis | signal | Ethanol intervention in neurodevelopment involves pathways of cAMP/PKA/EGR1, miR145, NF-κB and Erk |
Other pathways | He X et. Leger C et. Skorput AG et | Wild-type and tPA knockout C57BL/6 mice were given 3Â g/kg ethanol subcutaneously during mid- to late-pregnancy, while microglia cell were cultured (ethanol 1Â mg/ml for 6Â h) | GABA | Ethanol activates HPA axis, which causes a decrease in GABAergic neurons, meanwhile increases GABAergic interneuron expression and ectopia |
| Â | Dou X et | Intervention of NIH/3T3 clones stably expressing human hL1, analyzed by transfection silencing and flow cytometry assays | NCAM | Coupling of ethanol to anchoring-G and heme-actin cytoskeleton to enhance inhibition of NCAM |