Functional magnetic resonance imaging outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Table 1 Sociodemographic and FASD 4-Digit Diagnostic Code profile of the four study groups that participated in the fMRI study

Characteristic		1. FAS/PFAS^f	2. SE/AE	3. ND/AE	4. Control
Characteristic		N = 16	N = 22	N = 20	N = 13
Gender: n (%)^a	Female	7 (43.8)	8 (36.4)	10 (50.0)	6 (46.2)
Age at enrollment (years): mean (SD)^b		13.3 (2.0)	12.4 (2.0)	12.5 (2.2)	12.9 (2.6)
Race: n (%)^c	Caucasian	11 (68.8)	10 (45.5)	12 (60.0)	10 (60.6)
	Black	4 (25.0)	3 (13.6)	5 (25.0)	2 (15.4)
	Other	1 (6.3)	9 (40.9)	3 (15.0)	1 (7.7)
Growth rank from 4-Digit Code: n (%)	1. none	9 (56.3)	13 (59.1)	12 (60.0)	12 (92.3)
	2. mild	1 (6.3)	2 (9.1)	6 (30.0)	1 (7.7)
	3. moderate	4 (25.0)	3 (13.6)	1 (5.0)	0 (0.0)
	4. severe	2 (12.5)	4 (18.2)	1 (5.0)	0 (0.0)
Face rank from 4-Digit Code: n (%)	1. none	0 (0.0)	3 (13.6)	6 (30.0)	9 (69.2)
	2. mild	0 (0.0)	19 (86.4)	14 (70.0)	4 (30.8)
	3. moderate	3 (18.8)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
	4. severe^d	13 (81.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
CNS ranks 1–3 from 4-Digit Code
Level of functional impairment: n (%)	1. none	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	13 (100.0)
	2. moderate	0 (0.0)	3 (13.6)^g	20 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
	3. severe	16 (100.0)	19 (86.4)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
CNS rank 4 from 4-Digit Code	Structural/neurological abnormality present: n (%)	9 (56.3)	6 (27.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Alcohol rank from 4-Digit Code: n (%)	1. No exposure	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	13 (100.0)
	2. Unknown exposure^e	1 (6.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
	3. Confirmed exposure. Level moderate or unknown	5 (31.3)	11 (50.0)	11 (55.0)	0 (0.0)
	4. Confirmed exposure: Level high	10 (62.5)	11 (50.0)	9 (45.0)	0 (0.0)

A comprehensive profile of the entire study sample is presented in Astley et al. [9]
^aPercent female: chi-square = 0.8 (df 3), p = 0.84
^bMean age: ANOVA F(3, 67) 3.2, p = 0.56
^cPercent Caucasian: chi-square = 4.0 (df 3), p = 0.26
^dDefinition of rank 4 FAS face: palpebral fissure lengths 2 or more SDs below the mean norm, and lip and philtrum are Rank 4 or 5 on the Lip–Philtrum Guide [27]
^eThe one child with unknown prenatal alcohol exposure had full FAS
^fFour of the 16 subjects in group 1 had full FAS using the FASD 4-Digit Code. Nine of the 12 PFAS had rank 4 faces, but received a diagnosis of PFAS because of their absence of growth deficiency (growth rank 1)
^gAll three children with moderate functional impairment had structural evidence of brain abnormality (microcephaly)

ISSN: 1866-1955