Skip to main content

Table 7 Brain activation in regions of interest during the 2-back working memory condition relative to the control condition, across the four study groups

From: Functional magnetic resonance imaging outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Region

Group

ANOVA

1. FAS/PFAS

2.SE/AE

3.ND/AE

4.Control

Overall

Post hoc

A priori contrast. Linear trend

N = 13

N = 18

N = 16

N = 13

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

F (p)a

Duncanb

F (p)c

Mean percent of voxels with activity z-scores > 3

 Precentral gyrus

L.

0.021 (0.04)

0.012 (0.04)

0.016 (0.02)

0.008 (0.01)

0.5 (0.69)

 

1.1 (0.31)

R.

0.011 (0.02)

0.021 (0.03)

0.019 (0.02)

0.023 (0.03)

0.5 (0.71)

 

1.0 (0.32)

 Anterior cingulate gyrus

L.

0.012 (0.19)

0.031 (0.09)

0.028 (0.03)

0.047 (0.06)

0.7 (0.54)

 

1.9 (0.18)

R.

0.017 (0.03)

0.036 (0.09)

0.028 (0.05)

0.029 (0.04)

0.3 (0.84)

 

0.2 (0.69)

 Anterior parietal lobe

L.

0.043 (0.06)

0.039 (0.04)

0.046 (0.04)

0.080 (0.07)

1.6 (0.19)

 

3.1 (0.08)

R.

0.032 (0.04)

0.037 (0.05)

0.045 (0.05)

0.069 (0.06)

1.5 (0.24)

 

3.7 (0.06)

 Inferior frontal gyrus

L.

0.056 (0.08)

0.087 (0.09)

0.068 (0.06)

0.076 (0.06)

0.5 (0.72)

 

0.2 (0.66)

R.

0.048 (0.06)

0.073 (0.09)

0.062 (0.08)

0.081 (0.08)

0.4 (0.72)

 

0.9 (0.37)

 Posterior parietal lobe

L.

0.051 (0.07)

0.059 (0.06)

0.065 (0.05)

0.096 (0.07)

1.4 (0.26)

 

3.5 (0.07)

R.

0.051 (0.07)

0.081 (0.09)

0.080 (0.06)

0.116 (0.09)

3.1 (0.05)

123, 234

4.4 (0.04)

 DLPFC

L.

0.061 (0.08)

0.088 (0.08)

0.083 (0.07)

0.097 (0.06)

0.6 (0.60)

 

1.4 (0.24)

R.

0.053 (0.06)

0.097 (0.12)

0.076 (0.07)

0.112 (0.08)

3.2 (0.04)

123, 234

2.2 (0.14)

 Middle frontal gyrus

L.

0.064 (0.08)

0.089 (0.08)

0.092 (0.08)

0.112 (0.07)

0.9 (0.46)

 

2.4 (0.12)

R.

0.056 (0.06)

0.112 (0.13)

0.085 (0.08)

0.132 (0.08)

3.8 (0.01)

123, 234

2.9 (0.10)

Mean activity z-score across all voxels

 Precentral gyrus

L.

−0.36 (0.73)

−0.70 (0.81)

−0.51 (0.83)

−0.78 (0.51)

0.9 (0.48)

 

1.3 (0.26)

R.

−0.37 (0.74)

−0.57 (0.89)

−0.28 (0.84)

−0.23 (0.37)

0.6 (0.59)

 

0.6 (0.44)

 Anterior cingulate gyrus

L.

−0.42 (0.84)

−0.13 (1.07)

−0.34 (0.71)

−0.08 (0.80)

0.5 (0.69)

 

0.6 (0.45)

R.

−0.39 (0.73)

−0.25 (1.14)

−0.45 (0.81)

−0.36 (0.72)

0.2 (0.92)

 

0.0 (0.92)

 Anterior parietal lobe

L.

0.04 (0.59)

−0.27 (0.70)

−0.09 (0.66)

0.20 (0.60)

1.4 (0.25)

 

0.7 (0.41)

R.

−0.12 (0.66)

−0.43 (0.68)

−0.07 (0.68)

0.17 (0.62)

2.1 (0.11)

 

2.2 (0.14)

 Inferior frontal gyrus

L.

−0.03 (0.49)

0.36 (0.90)

0.09 (0.64)

0.27 (0.71)

0.9 (0.46)

 

0.5 (0.47)

R.

−0.01 (0.65)

0.25 (1.04)

0.25 (0.66)

0.50 (0.54)

1.5 (0.23)

 

2.6 (0.12)

 Posterior parietal lobe

L.

0.07 (0.74)

0.02 (0.74)

0.19 (0.51)

0.41 (0.56)

1.1 (0.38)

 

2.3 (0.13)

R.

0.02 (0.91)

0.05 (0.86)

0.35 (0.54)

0.65 (0.67)

3.0 (0.04)

123, 34

5.6 (0.02)

 DLPFC

L.

0.05 (0.60)

0.40 (0.80)

0.33 (0.59)

0.46 (0.59)

1.0 (0.41)

 

2.1 (0.16)

R.

0.03 (0.70)

0.41 (1.08)

0.42 (0.67)

0.74 (0.43)

3.3 (0.03)

123, 234

4.9 (0.03)

 Middle frontal gyrus

L.

0.11 (0.75)

0.43 (0.81)

0.48 (0.63)

0.59 (0.59)

1.1 (0.34)

 

3.0 (0.09)

R.

0.06 (0.79)

0.51 (1.15)

0.52 (0.77)

0.90 (0.44)

3.9 (0.01)

123, 234

5.8 (0.02)

  1. Among subjects with ≥65% correct true-positive and true-negative responses
  2. DLPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, F f statistic, L. left, p two-tailed p-value, SD standard deviation, R right
  3. aNumerator degrees of freedom = 3; denominator df = total sample size minus 4
  4. bThe Duncan range test was presented only when the overall F-test for the ANOVA was statistically significant (p < 0.05); commas separate groups with homogeneous means at p < 0.05
  5. cNumerator degrees of freedom = 1; denominator df = total sample size minus 4
Back to article page

Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

ISSN: 1866-1955

Contact us