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Table 3 Group* comparisons for selected substructure volumes controlling for age, IQ, and TBV

From: Teasing apart the heterogeneity of autism: Same behavior, different brains in toddlers with fragile X syndrome and autism

Region

FXS v Controls Diff (SE), % diff

FXS v DD Diff (SE), % diff

FXS v TYP Diff (SE), % diff

FXS v AUT Diff (SE), % diff

Caudate nucleus

Total

2.67 (.4), 40% ***

2.62 (.4), 45% ***

2.41 (.5), 34% ***

1.93 (.3), 26% ***

Right

1.33 (.2), 39% ***

1.45 (.2), 44% ***

1.20 (.2), 34% ***

0.98 (.1), 26% ***

Left

1.34 (.2), 41% ***

1.47 (.2), 46% ***

1.21 (.2), 35% ***

0.96 (.1), 26% ***

Putamen

Total

0.67 (.3), 8% **

0.71 (.3), 9% *

0.64 (.3), 8% *

0.30 (.2), 3%

Right

0.34 (.1), 8% **

0.36 (.2), 9% *

0.32 (.2), 8% *

0.18 (.1), 4%

Left

0.33 (.1), 8% **

0.35 (.2), 9% *

0.31 (.2), 8%

0.12 (.1), 3%

Globus pallidus

Total

0.35 (.1), 13% ***

0.42 (.1), 16% ***

0.27 (.1), 10% *

0.13 (.1), 4% *

Right

0.18 (.1), 13% ***

0.22 (.1), 17% ***

0.13 (.1), 9% *

0.10 (.04), 7% *

Left

0.17 (.1), 13% ***

0.20 (.1), 15% **

0.14 (.1), 10% *

0.02 (.04), 2%

Amygdala

Total

−0.25 (.1), −7% *

−0.24 (.2), −7%

−0.27 (.2), −8%

−0.73 (.1), −19% ***

Right

−.14 (.1), −8% *

−0.11 (.1), −6%

−0.16 (.1), −9%

−0.40 (.1), −20% ***

Left

−.12 (.1), −7%

−0.13 (.1), −8%

−0.10 (.1), −6%

−0.33 (.1), −18% ***

Hippocampus

Total

0.39 (.3), 7%

1.16 (.3), 26% ***

−0.39 (.4), −6%

−0.22 (.2), −4%

Right

0.26 (.2), 10%

0.64 (.2), 28% ***

−0.11 (.2), 4%

−0.02 (.1), −1%

Left

0.12 (.2), 5%

0.52 (.2), 24% **

−0.27 (.2), −9%

−0.20 (.1), −7%

  1. Note: FXS group refers to entire sample of children with FXS. The Control group contains both DD and TYP subjects, but comparisons with the DD and TYP subgroups are also displayed separately.
  2. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001