Table 2 Multivariable-adjusted (adjusted for all other variables in the table and further adjusted for gender, race, and ethnicity) mixed effects modeling analyses for standard scores of the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language acquired after 4–5 years of experience with cochlear implant among 116 young children with congenital hearing loss in the CDaCI study

With measurable spoken language development at baseline^a (N = 20)

94.58

3.76

0.0020^b

87.12

102.05

CI activated <18 months of age (N = 34)

86.67

2.83

0.00521^b

81.07

92.28

CI activated ≥18 months of age (N = 62)

80.15

2.15

(Reference)

75.88

84.42

Maternal sensitivity, per point increase

8.63

2.16

0.0001

4.35

12.93

Family income, less than $50,000 per year

−8.44

2.92

0.0047

−14.23

−2.64

With measurable spoken language development at baseline^a (N = 20)

87.71

4.67

<0.0001^b

78.45

96.97

CI activated <18 months of age (N = 34)

83.43

3.30

<0.0001^b

76.89

89.97

CI activated ≥18 months of age (N = 62)

63.42

2.61

(Reference)

58.24

68.60

Maternal sensitivity, per point increase

10.23

2.59

0.0001

5.11

15.36

Family income, less than $50,000 per year

−4.62

3.48

0.1873

−11.53

2.28

With measurable spoken language development at baseline^a (N = 20)

97.41

3.76

0.0006^b

89.96

104.86

CI activated <18 months of age (N = 34)

96.84

3.59

0.0005^b

89.72

103.96

CI activated ≥18 months of age (N = 62)

80.41

2.93

(Reference)

74.61

86.22

Maternal sensitivity, per point increase

11.34

2.36

<0.0001

6.67

16.01

Family income, less than $50,000 per year

−3.89

4.00

0.3332

−11.81

4.04

With measurable spoken language development at baseline^a (N = 20)

84.33

4.32

0.0030^b

75.76

92.90

CI activated <18 months of age (N = 34)

89.67

2.60

<0.0001^b

84.51

94.82

CI activated ≥18 months of age (N = 62)

69.66

2.33

(Reference)

65.05

74.28

Maternal sensitivity, per point increase

11.01

2.09

<0.0001

6.88

15.15

Family income, less than $50,000 per year

−5.37

3.11

0.0868

−11.53

0.79

With measurable spoken language development at baseline^a (N = 20)

90.21

4.37

0.0005^b

81.54

98.88

CI activated <18 months of age (N = 34)

86.66

3.15

0.0003^b

80.41

92.90

CI activated ≥18 months of age (N = 62)

71.83

2.61

(Reference)

66.65

77.00

Maternal sensitivity, per point increase

11.64

2.31

<0.0001

7.06

16.22

Family income, less than $50,000 per year

−7.38

3.52

0.0384

−14.36

−0.40