Language development after cochlear implantation: an epigenetic model

Table 3 Multivariable-adjusted (adjusted for all other variables in the table and further adjusted for gender, race, and ethnicity) mixed effects modeling analyses for core composite of the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language (CASL) acquired after 4 to 5 years of experience with cochlear implant among 116 young children with congenital hearing loss

Baseline factors associated with change in standard scores	With measurable spoken language development at baseline^a			CI activated <18 months of age			CI activated ≥18 months of age
Baseline factors associated with change in standard scores	Estimate	Standard error	P value	Estimate	Standard error	P value	Estimate	Standard error	P value
Residual hearing, per 20 dB increase in 4 frequency pure tone average	−9.11	5.49	0.1256	−2.07	3.00	0.4971	−3.61	2.86	0.2136
Length of hearing loss without amplification, per 6 months increase	21.08	4.43	0.0006	−16.81	6.15	0.0114	2.71	1.47	0.0715
Length of hearing loss with amplification, per 6 months increase	0.56	1.35	0.6880	−2.13	8.21	0.7970	−0.32	1.04	0.7579
Maternal sensitivity, per point increase	1.11	6.47	0.8665	13.78	4.31	0.0037	10.01	2.49	0.0002
Family income, less than $50,000 per year	−33.65	6.98	0.0005	−11.89	7.26	0.1140	−2.82	4.31	0.5162

^a Comprehension or expression standard score from the Reynell Developmental Language Scales (RDLS) ≥70 at baseline

ISSN: 1866-1955