Comparison of spatial working memory in children with prenatal alcohol exposure and those diagnosed with ADHD; A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Table 2 Working memory task performance

Parameter	TD (n = 21)		ARND (n = 22)		ADHD (n = 20)		Significance^a	*Post-hoc* tests
	Mean	Std Dev	Mean	Std Dev	Mean	Std Dev
Working memory index (WISC)	100.86	12.65	69.62	16.49	89.80	12.28	F = 29.986 P <0.001	TD > ARND^bP <0.001
Working memory index (WISC)	100.86	12.65	69.62	16.49	89.80	12.28	F = 29.986 P <0.001	ADHD > ARND P <0.001
Working memory - Parent (BRIEF)	50.38	9.96	75.50	9.09	69.05	7.79	F = 44.320 P <0.001	TD < ARND^bP <0.001
Working memory - Parent (BRIEF)	50.38	9.96	75.50	9.09	69.05	7.79	F = 44.320 P <0.001	TD < ADHD P <0.001
1-back accuracy (%)	94.87	4.25	80.94	12.06	79.79	13.88	F = 12.495 P < 0.001	TD > ARND^cP <0.001
1-back accuracy (%)	94.87	4.25	80.94	12.06	79.79	13.88	F = 12.495 P < 0.001	TD > ADHD P <0.001
0-back accuracy (%)	95.63	3.48	88.64	8.15	89.46	10.34	F = 5.052 P = 0.009
1-back errors (%)	1.93	2.03	11.42	9.89	11.39	8.08	F = 11.158 P <0.001	TD < ARND^cP <0.001
1-back errors (%)	1.93	2.03	11.42	9.89	11.39	8.08	F = 11.158 P <0.001	TD < ADHD P <0.001
1-back non-response (%)	3.20	3.26	7.64	6.93	10.21	10.59	F = 4.642 P = 0.013
1-back response time (ms)	538	115	623	192	667	183	F = 3.197 P = 0.048
0-back response time (ms)	740	184	910	330	964	266	F = 3.983 P = 0.024
1-back response variability (ms)	203	78	305	110	336	131	F = 8.669 P <0.001	TD < ARND^cP = 0.008
1-back response variability (ms)	203	78	305	110	336	131	F = 8.669 P <0.001	TD < ADHD P = 0.001
0-back response variability (ms)	188	98	275	126	303	123	F = 5.581 P = 0.006

^aBonferroni-corrected P value for multiple comparisons = 0.005; ^bTukey’s HSD test; ^cGames-Howell test. ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ARND, alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder; BRIEF, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; TD, typically developing; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

ISSN: 1866-1955