Parental phonological memory contributes to prediction of outcome of late talkers from 20 months to 4 years: a longitudinal study of precursors of specific language impairment

Table 1 Characteristics of the sample at 4 years, divided according to outcome.

	TD	SLI	NLI	LNV	Cohen d, TD vs SLI
Children, n	60	15	4	3	-
Male, %	0.53	0.67	0.50	0.33	-
SALT^a/language concern, %	0.08	0.40	0.50	0.00	-
Test scores,^b mean ± SD
WPPSI, block design	0.78 ± 0.97	0.38 ± 0.84	-1.92 ± 0.83	-0.11 ± 0.51	0.43
WPPSI, matrices	0.29 ± 0.72	-0.29 ± 0.68	-1.00 ± 0.27	-1.56 ± 0.51	0.83
BAS, verbal comprehension	0.53 ± 0.87	-0.30 ± 0.85	-0.79 ± 0.42	-0.23 ± 1.00	0.97
BAS, naming vocabulary	1.31 ± 0.75	0.27 ± 1.07	-0.93 ± 0.96	0.54 ± 0.91	1.28
GAPS, sentence repetition	0.97 ± 0.93	-0.16 ± 0.87	-0.87 ± 0.29	0.43 ± 0.78	1.25
GAPS, non-word repetition	0.70 ± 0.82	-0.59 ± 1.27	-0.79 ± 0.91	-0.26 ± 1.08	1.42
Bus story, information	0.17 ± 1.19	-1.48 ± 0.71	-1.78 ± 0.48	-1.30 ± 0.52	1.50
Bus story, sentence length	0.73 ± 1.22	-0.68 ± 0.82	-1.30 ± 0.76	-0.83 ± 0.61	1.24
CCC-2, general communication	0.13 ± 0.83	-0.83 ± 0.61	-0.57 ± 0.46	-0.72 ± 0.74	1.23
TEGI, third singular	0.93 ± 0.14	0.62 ± 0.36	0.33 ± 0.38	0.81 ± 0.19	1.56
TEGI, past tense	0.94 ± 0.09	0.72 ± 0.29	0.57 ± 0.25	0.86 ± 0.12	1.48

^aAbbreviations: BAS, British Ability Scales; CCC-2, Children's Communication Checklist, version 2; GAPS, Grammar and Phonology Screening Test; GCC, General Communication Composite; LNV, low nonverbal; NLI, nonspecific language impairment; SALT, speech and language therapy; SLI, specific language impairment; TD, typical development; TEGI, Test of Early Grammatical Impairment; WPPSI: Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.
^bScores shown as z-scores based on test norms, except for TEGI, where scores are proportion correct.

ISSN: 1866-1955