Table 1 Magnetic resonance imaging comparing subjects with Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease in the general population

Age (years)^*

51.52 ± 7.89

38.07 ± 12.24

33.75 ± 11.37

76.59 ± 5.3

75.87 ± 5.53

157.556 (<0.001)

NS

DS+<AD; DS+<AD HC; DS-<AD; DS-<DS+; DS HC<AD; DS HC<DS+; DS HC<AD HC

Education (years)

11.13 ± 3.22

11.49 ± 3

NS

NS

NS

Sex (female:male)

10:9

31:14

29:14

22:24

11:28

MMSE^*

9.32 ± 4.46

13.88 ± 5.56

15.23 ± 2.53

22.48 ± 3.74

28.74 ± 3.23

35.757 (<0.001)

NS

AD<AD HC; DS+<AD; DS+<AD HC; DS-<AD; DS-<AD HC; DS HC<AD; DS HC<AD HC

CAMCOG^*

33.72 ± 19.77

52.98 ± 21.48

114.83 ± 16.52

59.323 (<0.001)

NS

DS+<DS HC; DS-<DS HC

Whole brain volume (WBV, ml)^*

836.33 ± 98.72

961.96 ± 111.16

1100 ± 101.23

904.32 ± 83.3

930.77 ± 77.41

23.296 (<0.001)

28.717 (<0.001)

DS+<AD; DS+<AD HC; DS+<DS HC; DS-<AD HC; DS-<DS HC; DS+<DS-

Total intracranial volume (TIV, ml)^*

1096.46 ± 97.76

1195.7 ± 120.08

1387.95 ± 125.08

1292.39 ± 109.27

1277.27 ± 97.95

38.112 (<0.001)

55.296 (<0.001)

DS+<AD; DS+<AD HC; DS+<DS HC; DS-<AD; DS-<AD HC; DS-<DS HC

Hippocampus (ml)^*

4.52 ± 1.06

5.56 ± 0.81

6.82 ± 0.62

5.13 ± 1.04

6.19 ± 0.85

13.242 (<0.001)

NS

AD<AD HC; AD<DS HC; DS+<DS-; DS+<AD HC; DS+<DS HC; DS-<DS HC

Hippocampal volume normalised by TIV (% TIV)^*

0.41 ± 0.09

0.47 ± 0.07

0.49 ± 0.05

0.4 ± 0.07

0.5 ± 0.06

13.095 (<0..001)

NS

AD<DS HC; AD<AD HC; DS+<DS-; DS+<AD HC; DS+<DS HC

Left hippocampus (ml)^*

2.37 ± 0.58

2.97 ± 0.59

3.52 ± 0.38

2.62 ± 0.51

3.17 ± 0.46

12.723 (<0.001)

NS

AD<AD HC; AD<DS HC; DS+<DS HC; DS-<DS HC

Left hippocampus normalised by TIV (% TIV)^*

0.22 ± 0.05

0.24 ± 0.03

0.25 ± 0.03

0.2 ± 0.03

0.25 ± 0.03

12.339 (<0.001)

NS

AD<DS-; AD<AD HC; AD<DS HC; DS+<DS HC; DS+<DS-

Right hippocampus (ml)^**

2.16 ± 0.52

2.7 ± 0.47

3.31 ± 0.31

2.48 ± 0.58

3.02 ± 0.44

11.540 (<0.001)

NS

AD<AD HC; AD<DS HC; DS+<DS HC; DS+<AD HC; DS+<DS-

Right hippocampus normalised by TIV (% TIV)^*

0.2 ± 0.04

0.23 ± 0.04

0.24 ± 0.03

0.19 ± 0.04

0.24 ± 0.03

11.660 (<0.001)

NS

AD<AD HC; AD<DS HC; DS+<AD HC; DS+<DS HC; DS+<DS-

Temporal lobes (ml)^*

104.23 ± 16.84

121.75 ± 14.95

136.16 ± 16.65

101.78 ± 15

110.57 ± 14.21

5.947 (<0.001)

NS

AD<DS-; AD<AD HC

Temporal lobes normalised by TIV (% TIV)^*

9.48 ± 1.1

10.2 ± 0.93

9.8 ± 0.77

7.86 ± 0.81

8.65 ± 0.8

5.998 (<0.001)

4.2 (0.042)

AD<DS-; AD<AD HC

Left temporal lobe (ml)^*

52.05 ± 8.55

61.26 ± 7.68

68.72 ± 8.15

51.97 ± 8.35

56.74 ± 9.61

4.967 (0.001)

NS

AD<AD HC; AD<DS-

Left temporal lobe normalised by TIV (% TIV)^**

4.73 ± 0.57

5.12 ± 0.48

4.95 ± 0.4

4.02 ± 0.51

4.43 ± 0.58

4.851 (0.001)

NS

AD<AD HC; AD<DS-

Right temporal lobe (ml)^**

52.17 ± 8.7

60.02 ± 7.81

67.37 ± 9.63

49.8 ± 9.14

53.82 ± 7.21

3.067 (0.018)

NS

AD<AD HC

Right temporal lobe normalised by TIV (% TIV)^**

4.74 ± 0.54

5.0 ± 0.57

4.85 ± 0.49

3.84 ± 0.57

4.22 ± 0.51

3.112 (0.017)

NS

AD<AD HC

Lateral ventricles (ml)^*

26.78 ± 21.32

17.21 ± 15.94

10.56 ± 8.38

49 ± 21.81

27.72 ± 12.27

9.238 (<0.001)

NS

AD>AD HC; AD>DS HC

Lateral ventricles normalised by TIV (% TIV)^*

2.44 ± 1.86

1.43 ± 1.24

0.76 ± 0.61

3.8 ± 1.65

2.16 ± 0.89

9.009 (<0.001)

NS

AD>AD HC; AD>DS HC

Left lateral ventricle (ml)^*

12.7 ± 12.08

7.52 ± 6.47

5.26 ± 4.36

22.68 ± 10.75

13.6 ± 6.07

7.115 (<0.001)

NS

AD>AD HC; AD>DS HC

Left lateral ventricle normalised by TIV (% TIV)^*

1.16 ± 1.04

0.63 ± 0.51

0.38 ± 0.32

1.76 ± 0.82

1.06 ± 0.45

6.967 (<0.001)

NS

AD>AD HC; AD>DS HC

Right lateral ventricle (ml)^**

14 ± 9.69

9.66 ± 9.58

5.3 ± 4.36

26.17 ± 11.63

14.11 ± 6.7

10.3 (<0.001)

NS

AD>AD HC; AD>DS HC; DS+>DS HC

Right lateral ventricle normalised by TIV (% TIV)^**

1.27 ± 0.86

0.8 ± 0.7

0.38 ± 0.31

2.0 ± 0.88

1.1 ± 0.48

9.995 (<0.001)

NS

AD>AD HC; AD>DS HC; DS+>DS HC