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Table 1 Search terms and exclusion criteria a

From: Sensory and motor secondary symptoms as indicators of brain vulnerability

Category

Search terms

Exclusion criteria

Motor

(motor OR movement OR motion OR “fine motor” OR “gross motor”) AND (abnormalities OR impairment OR difficulties OR dysfunction OR dysfunctions OR function OR disturbance OR disturbances OR deficient OR deficiency OR performance OR ability OR coordination OR skills OR profile OR behavior OR behaviour OR development OR synchrony)

In general, we searched for evidence indicating general abnormalities in motor performance. In cases in which little research had been performed on motor aspects of a certain disorder, however, we included studies that focused on more narrow motor tasks, such as finger-tapping. In general, however, we excluded studies that focused exclusively on interaction of motor task and cognitive load, handwriting abilities, visuomotor integration, motor imagery, physical fitness, representation of action, mirror neurons, visuospatial guidance of movement during imitation, motor imagery, motor speech impairments, movement planning, repetitive motor behavior, motor restlessness, dyskinesia and gait and/or posture problems.

Sensory

(sensory OR tactile OR auditory OR somatosensory OR sensorimotor OR balance OR vestibular OR sensation OR “sensory-motor”) AND (defensiveness OR modulation OR regulation OR processing OR sensitivity OR abnormalities OR responsivity OR hyperreactivity OR hyporeactivity OR “hyper-reactivity” OR “hypo-reactivity” OR impairment OR filtering OR difficulties OR dysfunction OR dysfunctions OR hypersensitivity OR hyposensitivity OR disturbance OR disturbances OR performance OR filtering OR intolerance)

We excluded animal studies, genetic studies and all studies that investigated sensory abnormalities in the brain via physiological measures (for example, sensory evoked potentials, fMRI studies and startle responses). In addition, we excluded studies dealing with reactivity to pain, sensory impairments (such as impairment in seeing or hearing), eye movements, motion or visuospatial perception, visual acuity, audiovisual speech, sensory memory, timing of sensory processes, sensory gating and speech. In addition, studies that looked at the temperamental aspect of “sensory seeking” were excluded.

Neurological soft signs

“neurological abnormalities” OR “neurological soft signs” OR “subtle neurologic compromise” OR “neurological examination abnormalities” OR “neurological signs” OR “soft signs” OR “neurological examination abnormalities” OR “neuropsychological”

Studies that focused on neurological deficits observable as cognitive and/or memory abnormalities were excluded. Only those that related to sensory and motor abnormalities were included.

Sleep

(sleep OR sleepiness OR insomnia OR sleep-related) AND (deprivation OR excessive OR symptoms OR regulation OR continuity OR continuity changes OR complaints OR disturbance OR disturbances OR deficits OR deficit OR disruption OR disruptions OR problems OR evaluation OR patterns)

Studies that focused exclusively on a certain sleep parameter (for example, REM activity, NREM activity, sleep spindle activity, slow-wave activity and K-complex activity) were excluded. In addition, we excluded studies focused on sleep difficulties resulting from sleep apnea or other breathing difficulties.

Autism spectrum disorder

autism OR ASD OR “autism spectrum” OR “autism spectrum disorder” OR “autistic spectrum” OR “autistic spectrum disorder” OR Asperger OR Asperger’s OR alexithymia

 

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

ADHD OR “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” OR “attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder” OR “attention deficit disorder” OR “attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity” OR “deficit disorder attention” OR “attention difficulties” OR “hyperkinetic syndrome” OR “hyperkinetic disorder” OR “hyperactive child syndrome”

 

Dyslexia and learning disabilities

dyslexia OR “learning disabilities” OR “learning deficits”

Studies that focused on higher-order visual and auditory processing abilities (such as speech discrimination) were excluded.

Language impairment

“specific language impairment” OR “speech delay” OR SLI

 

Anxiety

anxiety OR anxious OR emotional behavior OR phobia OR phobias OR avoidant

 

Posttraumatic stress disorder

PTSD OR “posttraumatic stress disorder” OR “post-traumatic stress disorder” OR “post traumatic stress disorder”

 

Depression

depression OR depressive

We excluded studies of depression associated with another difficulty, such as migraine, menopause, cancer and chemotherapy. Postpartum depression, perinatal depression and parental depression were also excluded.

Bipolar affective disorder

“bipolar affective disorder” OR “bipolar disorder”

 

Borderline personality disorder

borderline OR “borderline personality disorder”

 

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

“obsessive compulsive disorder” OR OCD OR “repetitive behavior” OR “repetitive behaviors”

 

Schizophrenia and psychosis

schizophrenia OR schizophrenic OR schizotypal OR psychosis

 

Alzheimer disease

“Alzheimer disorder” OR Alzheimer OR Alzheimer’s OR dementia

 

Traumatic brain injury

“traumatic brain injury: OR “traumatic brain injuries” OR TBI

 

Normal aging

aging OR older people OR “older adults” OR “elder people” OR “elder adults” OR elderly

 

General search terms

“psychiatric disorders” OR “psychiatric disorder” OR “psychotic disorders” OR “psychotic symptoms”

With regard to the “high-risk” search, we included only studies that dealt with risk for one of the disorders included in the review.

“degenerative disorders” OR “neurological disorders

“affective disorders” OR “social-emotional behavior” OR “mood disorder” OR “mood disorders” OR mood OR “emotional disorders” OR “psychological distress” “high-risk” OR at-risk OR “at risk” OR “high risk”

  1. aADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; NREM, non–rapid eye movement; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; REM, rapid eye movement; TBI, traumatic brain injury.