Divergent structural brain abnormalities between different genetic subtypes of children with Prader–Willi syndrome

Table 1 Demographic data of the participants

	PWS		Control	P value
	DEL	mUPD
Age (years)	12.3 (3.2)	10.6 (2.5)	11.7 (2.7)	0.40
Age range (years)	6.7 to 17.0	6.8 to 13.1	7.1 to 15.8
Head circumference SDS	−0.37 (0.84)	0.8 (1.2)	n/a	0.11^a
Sample size (n)	11	9	11	0.26
Male	5	4	8	0.60
Female	6	5	3	0.50
Handedness (n)				0.25
Left	1	6	1
Right	10	1	10
Ambidextrous	0	2	0
Age at start of GH treatment (years)	5.8 (3.0)	4.4 (1.8)		0.37
Total IQ score	69.5 (16.0)	67.2 (14.5)		0.82
Verbal IQ	4.7 (3.4)	4.0 (2.6)		0.66
Performance IQ	4.7 (2.8)	4.2 (2.9)		0.60
Psychiatric history	0	2^b
Use of psychotropic medication	0	0

Data expressed as mean (SD) or number. No significant differences were found in either age or gender distribution across groups. ^aValues of DEL and mUPD were compared to 0 SDS; ^btwo children diagnosed with ASD prior to MRI scan. DEL, deletion; GH, growth hormone; mUPD, maternal uniparental disomy; n/a, not applicable; PWS, Prader–Willi syndrome; SD, standard deviation; SDS, standard deviation score.

ISSN: 1866-1955