A cross-syndrome cohort comparison of sleep disturbance in children with Smith-Magenis syndrome, Angelman syndrome, autism spectrum disorder and tuberous sclerosis complex

Table 2 Effect sizes for MSPSQ comparisons for each neurodevelopmental disorder group compared to the TD group

	AS–TD	SMS–TD	TSC–TD	ASD–TD
Sleep anxiety^a	–	− .09	− .01	− .18
Bedtime resistance^b	− .07	− .19	− .12	− .27^†
Sleep onset latency	− .11	− .11	− .22^†	− .59**
Night waking^b	− .60**	− .76**	− .35*	− .49*
Sleep-disordered breathing^b	− .47*	− .68**	− .17	− .30^†
Parasomnia^b	− .45*	− .64**	− .38*	− .46*
Daytime sleepiness	− .60**	− .73**	− .40*	− .44*
Drowsy during the day	− .49*	− .83**	− .36*	− .38*
Co-sleeping^c	− .29^†	− .22^†	− .35*	− .20^†

^aDue to the majority of items on the sleep anxiety subscale requiring verbal ability, this subscale score was not calculated for children with AS
^bMissing data. Children with ASD: sleep anxiety, bedtime resistance, sleep-disordered breathing and parasomnias (n = 29). Children with SMS: bedtime resistance (n = 25), sleep-disordered breathing and parasomnias (n = 24). TD children: night waking (n = 43), sleep-disordered breathing (n = 44), sleep onset latency (n = 45), parasomnias (n = 46)
^cCo-sleeping item was not administered to 40 children with AS, n = 30 for this item
*r ≥ .2—small effect, **r ≥ .5—medium effect (Cohen, [58]), ^†non-significant effect size, p > .01

ISSN: 1866-1955