Full sample (N = 64) | Prenatal/birth diagnosis (n = 25) | Later diagnosis (n = 39) | Prenatal/birth: later comparison | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%), M ± SD, or median [IQR] | ||||
Demographic information | ||||
Age (years) | 13.10 ± 5.72 | 13.66 ± 6.27 | 12.74 ± 5.39 | t(62) = 0.62, p = .53 |
Socioeconomic status | 52.78 ± 18.73 | 47.52 ± 15.91 | 56.24 ± 19.82 | Z = 1.31, p = .19 |
Prior (community) ASD diagnosis | 22 (34%) | 7 (28%) | 15 (38%) | χ2 = 0.74, p = .39 |
Current DSM-5 ASD diagnosis | 9 (14%) | 2 (8%) | 7 (18%) | Fisher’s exact p = .30 |
Early intervention (current or history) | 22 (34%) | 10 (40%) | 12 (31%) | χ2 = 0.58, p = .45 |
Speech therapy (current or history) | 44 (69%) | 14 (56%) | 30 (77%) | χ2 = 3.10, p = .08 |
Special education (current or history) | 55 (86%) | 19 (76%) | 36 (92%) | Fisher’s exact p = .14 |
Any intervention (current or history) | 59 (92%) | 21 (84%) | 38 (97%) | Fisher’s exact p = .07 |
Developmental Milestones | ||||
Age of first words (months) | 24 [18–36] | 19 [18–24] | 24 [18–36] | Z = −1.19, p = .24 |
Age of phrases (months) | 36 [26–42] | 26 [24–30] | 42 [30–48] | Z = −2.94, p = .003 |
Age walked independently (months) | 14 [13–18] | 15 [12–18] | 14 [13–18] | Z = −0.35, p = .73 |
Daytime toilet training (months) | 37.5 [31–45] | 36 [32–48] | 39 [30–42] | Z = 0.02, p = .99 |
Nighttime toilet training (months) | 42 [36–72] | 42 [36–84] | 42 [36–60] | Z = 0.53, p = .60 |
Bowel control toilet training (months) | 37.5 [31–45] | 36 [32–42] | 39 [30–48] | Z = −0.71, p = .48 |
Cognitive ability | ||||
Visual-spatial | 97 [89–106] | 100 [92–112] | 94 [86–100] | Z = 1.92, p = .05 |
Fluid reasoning | 93 ± 14.46 | 97.06 ± 12.88 | 90.7 ± 14.99 | t(45) = 1.47, p = .15 |
Working memory | 88.92 ± 14.53 | 91.04 ± 13.64 | 87.5 ± 15.12 | t(58) = 0.92, p = .36 |
Processing speed | 83.67 ± 14.17 | 89.75 ± 14.02 | 79.61 ± 12.92 | t(58) = 2.88, p = .01 |
NVIQ | 91.81 ± 15.56 | 95.76 ± 14.24 | 89.28 ± 16.01 | t(62) = 1.65, p = .10 |
VIQ | 85.89 ± 14.18 | 91.56 ± 13.97 | 82.16 ± 13.2 | t(61) = 2.7, p = .01 |
FSIQ | 86.24 ± 13.49 | 90.4 ± 12.17 | 83.5 ± 13.77 | t(61) = 2.04, p = .05 |
Academic achievement | ||||
Woodcock-Johnson Math | 85 [77–99] | 93 [77–100] | 80.5 [75–93] | Z = 1.24, p = .21 |
Math disability | 25/53 (47%) | 6/18 (33%) | 19/35 (54%) | χ2 = 2.09, p = .15 |
Woodcock-Johnson Writing | 93 [73–99] | 95 [92–101] | 92 [73–97] | Z = 1.24, p = .21 |
Writing disability | 19/50 (38%) | 6/18 (33%) | 13/32 (41%) | χ2 = 0.26, p = .61 |
Woodcock-Johnson Reading | 85 [70–93] | 88 [74–95] | 83.5 [67.5–91] | Z = 0.99, p = .32 |
Reading disability | 25/52 (48%) | 9/19 (47%) | 16/33 (48%) | χ2 = 0, p = .94 |
Adaptive behavior | ||||
Vineland communication | 77.69 ± 15.04 | 81.8 ± 17.06 | 75.05 ± 13.15 | t(62) = 1.78, p = .08 |
Vineland daily living skills | 79.11 ± 14.55 | 82.12 ± 14.66 | 77.18 ± 14.33 | t(62) = 1.33, p = .19 |
Vineland socialization | 77.2 ± 14.01 | 81.64 ± 14.35 | 74.36 ± 13.19 | t(62) = 2.08, p = .04 |
Vineland ABC | 76.22 ± 12.95 | 79.68 ± 13.65 | 74 ± 12.14 | t(62) = 1.74, p = .09 |
Autism symptoms | ||||
SRS total T score | 66.21 ± 7.86 | 62.08 ± 7.82 | 68.82 ± 6.76 | t(60) = − 3.59, p = .001 |
ADOS social affect CSS | 2 [1–5] | 2 [1–4] | 2 [1–5] | Z = − 0.6, p = .55 |
ADOS RRB CSS | 1 [1–6] | 1 [1–5] | 5 [1–7] | Z = − 2.05, p = .04 |
ADOS CSS | 2 [1–3] | 1 [1–3] | 2 [1–3] | Z = − 1.05, p = .29 |
RBS-R overall total | 13 [6–27] | 7 [3–14] | 19 [9–31] | Z = −2.72, p = .01 |
Other psychopathology | ||||
CBCL internalizing behavior | 61.40 ± 8.29 | 58.00 ± 7.58 | 63.55 ± 8.08 | t(60) = −2.7, p = .01 |
CBCL externalizing behavior | 59.39 ± 12.31 | 56.71 ± 11.27 | 61.08 ± 12.77 | t(60) = −1.37, p = .18 |