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Table 1 Participant characteristics by time of diagnosis

From: Characterization of autism spectrum disorder and neurodevelopmental profiles in youth with XYY syndrome

 

Full sample (N = 64)

Prenatal/birth diagnosis (n = 25)

Later diagnosis (n = 39)

Prenatal/birth: later comparison

n (%), M ± SD, or median [IQR]

Demographic information

 Age (years)

13.10 ± 5.72

13.66 ± 6.27

12.74 ± 5.39

t(62) = 0.62, p = .53

 Socioeconomic status

52.78 ± 18.73

47.52 ± 15.91

56.24 ± 19.82

Z = 1.31, p = .19

 Prior (community) ASD diagnosis

22 (34%)

7 (28%)

15 (38%)

χ2 = 0.74, p = .39

 Current DSM-5 ASD diagnosis

9 (14%)

2 (8%)

7 (18%)

Fisher’s exact p = .30

 Early intervention (current or history)

22 (34%)

10 (40%)

12 (31%)

χ2 = 0.58, p = .45

 Speech therapy (current or history)

44 (69%)

14 (56%)

30 (77%)

χ2 = 3.10, p = .08

 Special education (current or history)

55 (86%)

19 (76%)

36 (92%)

Fisher’s exact p = .14

 Any intervention (current or history)

59 (92%)

21 (84%)

38 (97%)

Fisher’s exact p = .07

Developmental Milestones

 Age of first words (months)

24 [18–36]

19 [18–24]

24 [18–36]

Z = −1.19, p = .24

 Age of phrases (months)

36 [26–42]

26 [24–30]

42 [30–48]

Z = −2.94, p = .003

 Age walked independently (months)

14 [13–18]

15 [12–18]

14 [13–18]

Z = −0.35, p = .73

 Daytime toilet training (months)

37.5 [31–45]

36 [32–48]

39 [30–42]

Z = 0.02, p = .99

 Nighttime toilet training (months)

42 [36–72]

42 [36–84]

42 [36–60]

Z = 0.53, p = .60

 Bowel control toilet training (months)

37.5 [31–45]

36 [32–42]

39 [30–48]

Z = −0.71, p = .48

Cognitive ability

 Visual-spatial

97 [89–106]

100 [92–112]

94 [86–100]

Z = 1.92, p = .05

 Fluid reasoning

93 ± 14.46

97.06 ± 12.88

90.7 ± 14.99

t(45) = 1.47, p = .15

 Working memory

88.92 ± 14.53

91.04 ± 13.64

87.5 ± 15.12

t(58) = 0.92, p = .36

 Processing speed

83.67 ± 14.17

89.75 ± 14.02

79.61 ± 12.92

t(58) = 2.88, p = .01

 NVIQ

91.81 ± 15.56

95.76 ± 14.24

89.28 ± 16.01

t(62) = 1.65, p = .10

 VIQ

85.89 ± 14.18

91.56 ± 13.97

82.16 ± 13.2

t(61) = 2.7, p = .01

 FSIQ

86.24 ± 13.49

90.4 ± 12.17

83.5 ± 13.77

t(61) = 2.04, p = .05

Academic achievement

 Woodcock-Johnson Math

85 [77–99]

93 [77–100]

80.5 [75–93]

Z = 1.24, p = .21

 Math disability

25/53 (47%)

6/18 (33%)

19/35 (54%)

χ2 = 2.09, p = .15

 Woodcock-Johnson Writing

93 [73–99]

95 [92–101]

92 [73–97]

Z = 1.24, p = .21

 Writing disability

19/50 (38%)

6/18 (33%)

13/32 (41%)

χ2 = 0.26, p = .61

 Woodcock-Johnson Reading

85 [70–93]

88 [74–95]

83.5 [67.5–91]

Z = 0.99, p = .32

 Reading disability

25/52 (48%)

9/19 (47%)

16/33 (48%)

χ2 = 0, p = .94

Adaptive behavior

 Vineland communication

77.69 ± 15.04

81.8 ± 17.06

75.05 ± 13.15

t(62) = 1.78, p = .08

 Vineland daily living skills

79.11 ± 14.55

82.12 ± 14.66

77.18 ± 14.33

t(62) = 1.33, p = .19

 Vineland socialization

77.2 ± 14.01

81.64 ± 14.35

74.36 ± 13.19

t(62) = 2.08, p = .04

 Vineland ABC

76.22 ± 12.95

79.68 ± 13.65

74 ± 12.14

t(62) = 1.74, p = .09

Autism symptoms

 SRS total T score

66.21 ± 7.86

62.08 ± 7.82

68.82 ± 6.76

t(60) = − 3.59, p = .001

 ADOS social affect CSS

2 [1–5]

2 [1–4]

2 [1–5]

Z = − 0.6, p = .55

 ADOS RRB CSS

1 [1–6]

1 [1–5]

5 [1–7]

Z = − 2.05, p = .04

 ADOS CSS

2 [1–3]

1 [1–3]

2 [1–3]

Z = − 1.05, p = .29

 RBS-R overall total

13 [6–27]

7 [3–14]

19 [9–31]

Z = −2.72, p = .01

Other psychopathology

 CBCL internalizing behavior

61.40 ± 8.29

58.00 ± 7.58

63.55 ± 8.08

t(60) = −2.7, p = .01

 CBCL externalizing behavior

59.39 ± 12.31

56.71 ± 11.27

61.08 ± 12.77

t(60) = −1.37, p = .18

  1. Variables that were not normally distributed (significant Shapiro-Wilk statistic) are described with median and interquartile range and tested using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Normally distributed variables are described with mean and standard deviation and tested using an independent samples t test (where DF have decimals, Satterthwaite approximation was used)