Fig. 1

Intrinsic fronto-subcortical FC in girls and boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing (TD) controls. a Topography of fronto-subcortical networks estimated from the functional magnetic resonance imaging data using group-independent component analysis. Components with the strongest spatial correlation with anatomical fronto-subcortical regions of interest (ROIs) are shown. Frontal components include F1 (ventromedial PFC; pink), F2 (anterior cingulate cortex; purple), and F3 (anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; blue). Subcortical components include S1 (striatum; green) and S2 (amygdala/hippocampus; red). b Dot plots and 95% confidence intervals of the intrinsic synchronization of each pair of the participant-specific fronto-subcortical networks for each diagnostic group separately for boys (top) and girls (bottom). Typically developing (TD, n = 75) children are in blue; children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, n = 72) are in green. Synchronization was calculated as the Pearson correlation between component time courses and converted to a Z-score using Fisher’s transform. Confidence intervals are based on comparing the mean of each group to 0. Significant diagnostic group differences within sex were observed among girls only (Table 2) in FC of the S1 (striatum) component with all of the prefrontal components and F1-S2 (vmPFC-amygdala components) FC. *Significant effect after FDR correction applied for six tests; ^†significant effect without FDR correction