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Table 2 Intrinsic functional connectivity of fronto-subcortical pairs for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing (TD) controls

From: ADHD-related sex differences in fronto-subcortical intrinsic functional connectivity and associations with delay discounting

 

TD

ADHD

Group differences

Girls

(n = 21)

Boys

(n = 54)

All

(n = 75)

Girls

(n = 20)

Boys

(n = 52)

All

(n = 72)

Dx

Dx × Sex

All

Girls

Boys

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

p

p

d

d

d

F1-S1

0.26

0.15

0.25

0.15

0.25

0.16

0.36

0.15

0.29

0.15

0.32

0.17

.012a

.291

0.42a

0.66b

0.27

F2-S1

0.65

0.15

0.68

0.15

0.66

0.16

0.74

0.15

0.68

0.14

0.71

0.16

.092

.079

0.28

0.64b

0.01

F3-S1

− 0.45

0.16

− 0.52

0.16

− 0.49

0.18

− 0.57

0.16

− 0.53

0.16

− 0.55

0.18

.041b

.048b

0.33b

0.74b

0.01

F1-S2

− 0.31

0.16

− 0.28

0.15

− 0.29

0.17

− 0.16

0.15

− 0.25

0.15

− 0.20

0.17

.002a

.042b

0.51a

0.94a

0.20

F2-S2

0.02

0.15

0.06

0.15

0.04

0.16

0.09

0.15

0.06

0.14

0.07

0.16

.183

.172

0.22

0.49

0.01

F3-S2

− 0.39

0.15

− 0.41

0.15

− 0.40

0.16

− 0.42

0.15

− 0.39

0.15

− 0.41

0.16

.805

.310

0.04

0.23

0.14

  1. Estimated marginal mean (SD) functional connectivity values for the ADHD and TD groups. F1 frontal component 1 (ventromedial PFC), F2 frontal component 2 (medial PFC/anterior cingulate cortex), F3 frontal component 3 (anterior dorsolateral PFC), S1 subcortical component 1 (striatum), S2 subcortical component 2 (amygdala/hippocampus). Cohen’s d is reported as an estimate of effect size. Uncorrected p values are reported. aSignificant effect after FDR correction applied for six tests; bSignificant effect without FDR correction