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Table 4 Group means, standard deviations, and 95% CI for the reach-to-grasp measures

From: The reach-to-grasp movement in infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: a high-risk sibling cohort study

Measure

LR

HR-N

HR-ASD

Orient

.65 ± .26 (.56–.75)

.65 ± .26 (.56–.75)

.81 ± .26 (.72–.91)

 Engage

.20 ± .14 (.15–.25)

.24 ± .15 (.19–.29)

.20 ± .13 (.16–.25)

 Disengage

.41 ± .17 (.35–.47)

.51 ± .18 (.44–.57)

.51 ± .16 (.45–.57)

LIFT

1.03 ± .50 (1.12–1.48)

1.39 ± .54 (1.19–1.58)

1.73 ± .48 (1.56–1.90)

 Elbow flex

.10 ± .11 (.06–.13)

.13 ± .12 (.09–.17)

.18 ± .10 (.14–.21)

 Digits flex

.40 ± .18 (.34–.47)

.44 ± .19 (.37–.51)

.53 ± .17 (.47–.59)

 Supinate

.36 ± .17 (.30–.42)

.34 ± .17 (.27–.41)

.46 ± .17 (.40–.52)

 Tips to midline

.44 ± .18 (.38–.51)

.48 ± .19 (.41–.55)

.57 ± .17 (.51–.63)

Advance

.45 ± .21 (.38–.53)

.49 ± .22 (.41–.57)

.56 ± .20 (.49–.64)

 Hand path

.25 ± .13 (.20–.29)

.28 ± .14 (.23–.33)

.28 ± .13 (.24–.33)

 Hand to target

.20 ± .12 (.15–.24)

.21 ± .12 (.16–.25)

.26 ± .11 (.22–.30)

 Trunk lean

.01 ± .05 (.00–.03)

.00 ± .05 (.00–.02)

.02 ± .05 (.01–.04)

Pronation

.82 ± .32 (.70–.93)

.91 ± .35 (.78–1.03)

1.10 ± .31 (.99–1.21)

 Digits open

.44 ± .20 (.37–.52)

.51 ± .22 (.43–.59)

.59 ± .19 (.52–.66)

 Knuckle

.37 ± .16 (.32–.43)

.40 ± .17 (.33–.46)

.51 ± .15 (.45–.56)

 Elbow extend

.001 ± .02 (.0–.01)

.01 ± .01 (.00–.01)

.00 ± .01 (.00–.01)

Grasp

.93 ± .23 (.85–1.01)

.89 ± .25 (.81–.98)

.96 ± .22 (.88–1.04)

 Appropriate grasp

.23 ± .14 (.18–.28)

.24 ± .15 (.18–.29)

.25 ± .13 (.20–.30)

 Wrist extend

.70 ± .19 (.63–.76)

.66 ± .20 (.59–.73)

.71 ± .18 (.65–.76)

Reach-to-grasp

4.15 ± 1.04 (3.78–4.53)

4.52 ± 1.12 (4.11–4.92)

5.17 ± 0.99 (4.81–5.53)