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Table 2 Prevalence rates of SUD and ND in late-onset ADHD, (stable) unaffected siblings, and healthy controls

From: Substance use and nicotine dependence in persistent, remittent, and late-onset ADHD: a 10-year longitudinal study from childhood to young adulthood

 

Prevalence rates

Hazard ratios

LO-ADHD

n = 18

US

n = 50

HC

n = 47

LO-ADHD

vs.

HC

LO-ADHD

vs.

US

US

vs.

HC

n

%

n

%

n

%

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

Substance use disorder

6

33.3

10

20.0

6

12.8

5.15

1.04–25.66

.41

.14–1.23

2.11

.51–8.73

Nicotine dependence

5

27.8

8

16.0

2

4.3

13.04*

2.08–81.83

.57

.21–1.60

7.47

.91–61.13

  1. SUD substance use disorder, ND nicotine dependence, LO-ADHD late-onset attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, US unaffected siblings, HC healthy controls. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard regression. All comparisons were corrected for gender and follow-up interval in years. 95% CI 95% confidence interval. *Significant at p < 0.05