Table 2 Summary of studies using adaptive ability tests in adults with DS. NR indicates “not reported.” IQ test results not shown (see Table 1)

Gilmore et al., [28]

Vineland ABS 2nd Edition (VABS-II)

Adaptive Behavior Composite score

21

24.83 (1.20)

NR

51.86 (15.29)

NR

Hartley et al. [14]*

Vineland ABS 2nd Edition (VABS-II)

Adaptive Behavior Composite score

58

37.6 (6.8; ≥ 30)

NR

183.67 (47.65)

NR

Tomaszewski et al., [15]

Vineland ABS 2nd Edition (VABS-II)

Adaptive Behavior Composite score and three individual subscale scores

31

25.9 (5.92)

NR

52.6 (15.8) (Adaptive Behavior Composite);

45.7 (22.2) (Communication Standard Score);

55.5 (14.4) (Daily Living Skills Standard Score);

64.6 (13.7) (Socialisation Standard Score)

NR

Dressler et al. [22]

Vineland ABS (Italian version)

Age equivalent scores

49

28.8 (8.4; 19–52)

NR

Total, 7.26 (3.35; 3.06–10.0);

Communication sub-domain, 7.18 (3.51);

Daily living skills sub-domain, 7.36 (2.62);

Socialisation sub-domain, 7.62 (4.32)

NR

Ghezzo et al. [8]

Vineland ABS

36 adults with DS (of a larger sample of 67 participants which included children)

18–29 years.: n = 24, 22.34 (3.40)

30–39 years.: n = 17, 34.27 (3.04)

≥ 40: years. n = 18, 49.34 (6.91)

The following scales (including subscales) for each of the three adult age groups: Communication, Daily living skills, Socialisation, Motor skills. See paper for details.

Kishnani et al., [29]**

Vineland ABS

“Composite Supplemental Norm Score”

53 (donepezil group); 59 (placebo group)

24.2 (5.1; 18–36) (donepezil group);

26.0 (5.5; 18–38) (placebo group)

NR

57.4 (10–99) (donepezil group at baseline);

64.1 (30–99) (placebo group at baseline)

NR

Witts and Elders [30]

Vineland ABS

Age equivalent scores

33

36 (8.9; 22–53)

NR

8.5 (3.7; 3.67–18.5)

NR

Kay et al. [19]

ABS

Raw scores

85

38.2

157.5 (59.8; 34–270)

Median, 165

NR

NR

de Sola et al. [17]

ABAS-II

Raw scores

86

23.3 (4.3; 16–34)

Total, 635.9 (90.9; 220–627);

Communication sub-domain, 80.3 (12.7);

Community Use sub-domain, 61.5 (13.2);

Functional Academics sub-domain, 67.4 (17.9);

Home Living sub-domain, 64.3 (12.1);

Health and Safety sub-domain, 57.8 (9.5);

Leisure sub-domain, 68.2 (11.5);

Self-care sub-domain, 87.5 (8.3);

Self-direction sub-domain, 73.5 (14.7);

Social Skills sub-domain, 75.3 (14.7)

NR

No subscales showed floor effects

Strydom et al. [23]

ABAS

Raw scores

32

32.59 (6.78; 18–45)

377 (139.53; 98–589)

NR

NR

Startin et al. [16]

Short-ABS

Raw scores

130 aged 36+ years without dementia

47.77 (7.01; 36–71)

Total, 71.89 (23.39; 14–111);

SABS P, 26.74 (6.07; 0–33);

SABS C, 24.57 (12.06; 0–47);

SABS PS, 20.78 (6.97; 3–32)

NR

Total, 0%;

SABS P, 0.9%;

SABS C, 0.9%;

SABS PS, 0%

51 aged 36+ years with dementia

54.20 (6.95; 38–67)

Total, 42.23 (24.51; 3–92);

SABS P, 17.02 (9.70; 0–33);

SABS C, 10.00 (15.00; 0–31);

SABS PS, 13.00 (11.00; 1–28)

NR

Total, 0%;

SABS P, 2.3%;

SABS C, 2.3%;

SABS PS, 0%

124 aged 16–35 years

25.24 (5.53; 16–35)

Total, 79.03 (19.73; 28–112);

SABS P, 28.91 (4.55; 14–33);

SABS C, 27.74 (10.36; 4–47);

SABS PS, 22.53 (6.49; 7–32)

NR

Total, 0%;

SABS P, 0%;

SABS C, 0%;

SABS PS, 0%