Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis

From: Are there shared neural correlates between dyslexia and ADHD? A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies

Study (reference)

Total N

Age group analysis

Clinical group

Control group

Included in brain volume corrected analysis

Comorbidity with dyslexia or ADHD noted in exclusion criteria

N

% male

Mean age (years)

N

% male

Mean age (years)

ADHD

 Ahrendts et al. [64]

62

Adult

31

65

31.2

31

65

31.5

Yes

No learning disability

 Bonath et al. [65]

36

-

18

100

13.6

18

100

14.1

Yes

-

 Bralten et al. [66]

503

-

307

68

17.1

196

51

16.7

No

No learning disability

 Brieber et al. [67]

30

-

15

100

13.1

15

100

13.3

Yes

-

 Carmona et al. [68]

50

Child

25

84

10.8

25

84

11.2

Yes

-

 He et al. [69]

72

Child

37

100

9.9

35

100

10.7

Yes

-

 Iannaccone et al. [70]

40

-

20

61

14.5

20

50

14.8

Yes

-

 Johnston et al. [71]

68

-

34

100

12.5

34

100

13.2

No

-

 Kappel et al. (adults) [72]

36

Adult

16

94

23.5

20

100

23.7

No

-

 Kappel et al. (children) [72]

24

Child

14

71

9.8

10

80

11.0

No

-

 Kaya et al. [73]

37

Child

19

71

10.3

18

67

10.2

No

-

 Kobel et al. [74]

26

Child

14

100

10.4

12

100

10.9

Yes

-

 Kumar et al. [75]

36

Child

18

100

9.6

18

100

9.7

Yes

No learning disability

 Lim et al. [76]

58

-

29

100

13.8

29

100

14.4

No

No dyslexia

 McAlonan et al. [77]

59

Child

28

100

9.9

31

100

9.6

Yes

-

 Montes et al. [78]

40

Adult

20

50

29.0

20

50

27.6

No

-

 Moreno-Alcazar et al. [79]

88

Adult

44

66

31.6

44

66

32.6

No

-

 Overmeyer et al. [80]

34

Child

18

83

10.4

16

94

10.3

Yes

No learning disability

 Roman-Urrestarazu et al. [81]

83

Adult

49

76

22.2

34

50

22.9

No

-

 Sasayama et al. [82]

35

Child

18

72

10.6

17

71

10.0

Yes

No learning disability

 Van Wingen et al. [83]

29

Adult

14

100

32.0

15

100

37.0

Yes

-

 Villemonteix et al. (med naïve group) [84]

57

Child

33

55

10.3

24

50

10.0

No

-

 Villemonteix et al. (med group) [84]

44

Child

20

80

10.4

24

50

10.0

No

-

 Yang et al. [85]

114

Child

57

61

11.1

57

60

11.7

Yes

-

 Totals or sample size-weighted averages

1661

 

898

76

16.5

763

71

16.6

  

Dyslexia

 Brambati et al. [86]

21

-

10

50

31.6

11

45

27.4

Yes

No psychiatric

 Brown et al. [87]

30

Adult

16

100

24.0

14

100

matched to clinical grp

No

No ADHD

 Eckert et al. [88]

26

Child

13

100

11.4

13

100

11.3

Yes

No psychiatric

 Evans et al. (male adults) [89]

28

Adult

14

100

42.9

14

100

41.1

Yes

No severe psychiatric

 Evans et al. (female adults) [89]

26

Adult

13

0

34.0

13

0

27.9

Yes

No severe psychiatric

 Evans et al. (male children) [89]

30

Child

15

100

9.6

15

100

8.3

Yes

No severe psychiatric

 Evans et al. (female children) [89]

34

Child

17

0

10.1

17

0

9.1

Yes

No severe psychiatric

 Hoeft et al. [90]

38

-

19

53

14.4

19

53

14.4

Yes

No psychiatric

 Jednoróg et al. [91]

236

Child

130

57

10.3

106

48

10.2

Yes

No ADHD

 Kronbichler et al. [92]

28

-

13

100

15.9

15

100

15.5

Yes

No psychiatric

 Liu et al. [93]

36

Child

18

72

11.8

18

83

11.8

Yes

No ADHD

 Silani et al. [94]

64

Adult

32

100

24.4

32

100

26.3

No

-

 Siok et al. [95]

32

Child

16

50

11.0

16

81

11.0

Yes

No ADHD

 Steinbrink et al. [96]

16

Adult

8

75

20.1

8

75

23.7

Yes

No psychiatric

 Tamboer et al. [97]

94

Adult

37

16

20.6

57

12

20.3

Yes

No ADHD

 Vinckenbosch et al. [98]

23

Adult

13

100

Adults

10

100

Adults

Yes

No ADHD

 Xia et al. [99]

48

Child

24

58

12.5

24

50

12.5

No

No psychiatric

 Yang et al. [100]

23

Child

9

33

12.6

14

43

12.3

Yes

No ADHD

 Totals or Sample size-weighted averages

833

 

417

61

16.4

416

57

16.5

 Â