Health comorbidities and cognitive abilities across the lifespan in Down syndrome

Table 5 Regression analyses investigating the relationships between health phenotypes and cognitive abilities in younger children (n = 99)

	Total R²	R² change	Unstandardised B (95% CI)	Standardised beta	p value
Height	0.77 ^a	0.01	− 0.08 (− 0.22, 0.05)	− 0.13	0.216
Weight	0.77 ^a	< 0.01	− 0.05 (− 0.43, 0.33)	− 0.02	0.802
Head circumference	0.77 ^a	< 0.01	0.14 (− 0.27, 0.55)	0.05	0.503
Congenital heart defects	0.72	< 0.01	0.34 (− 1.10, 1.78)	0.03	0.639
Congenital heart defects – AVSD only vs none	0.71 ^b	< 0.01	− 0.01 (− 1.58, 1.57)	> − 0.01	0.992
Reflux	0.72	< 0.01	− 0.76 (− 2.27, 0.75)	− 0.06	0.320
Vision impairments	0.72	< 0.01	0.87 (− 0.88, 2.62)	0.06	0.327
Hearing impairments	0.72	< 0.01	0.21 (− 1.42, 1.84)	0.02	0.799
Otitis media with effusion	0.72	< 0.01	0.66 (− 0.85, 2.16)	0.05	0.389

Sex, age, and a measure of SES were included in Model 1. All results shown give total R² for Model 2, R² change from Model 1, unstandardized B (95% CI), standardised beta, and p value for each health phenotype.
AVSD atrioventricular septal defect
^a Model 1 included age at physical measurement rather than age at medical history telephone interview
^b variance explained by Model 1 smaller than for other comorbidities due to a smaller sample; those with a congenital heart defect other than AVSD were excluded from analysis.

ISSN: 1866-1955