Health comorbidities and cognitive abilities across the lifespan in Down syndrome

Table 6 Regression analyses investigating the relationships between health phenotypes and cognitive abilities in younger adults (n = 157)

	Total R²	R² change	Unstandardised B (95% CI)	Standardised beta	p value
Height	0.07	< 0.01	0.24 (− 0.25, 0.72)	0.11	0.337
Weight	0.07	< 0.01	0.06 (− 0.19, 0.30)	0.04	0.653
BMI	0.07	< 0.01	< 0.01 (− 0.59, 0.59)	< 0.01	0.995
Head circumference	0.07	< 0.01	− 0.54 (− 2.31, 1.23)	− 0.06	0.546
Autism	0.15	0.09	− 18.72 (− 29.23, − 8.21)	− 0.30	0.001
Depression	0.08	0.01	− 8.19 (− 20.08, 3.70)	− 0.13	0.175
Epilepsy	0.10	0.03	− 13.27 (− 25.72, − 0.82)	− 0.19	0.037
Obstructive sleep apnoea	0.07	< 0.01	0.61 (− 9.80, 11.01)	0.01	0.908
Congenital heart defects	0.09	0.02	6.24 (− 1.31, 13.79)	0.15	0.104
Congenital heart defects—AVSD only vs none	0.12 ^a	0.03	8.09 (− 1.25, 17.43)	0.18	0.089
Hypothyroid	0.07	< 0.01	0.46 (− 7.80, 8.72)	0.01	0.913
Vision impairments	0.07	< 0.01	4.32 (− 4.63, 13.26)	0.08	0.341
Hearing impairments	0.07	< 0.01	− 2.43 (− 12.57, 7.72)	− 0.04	0.636
Otitis media with effusion	0.08	0.01	− 4.70 (− 13.30, 3.89)	− 0.10	0.281

Sex, age, and a measure of SES were also included in Model 1. All results shown give total R² for Model 2, R² change from Model 1, unstandardized B (95% CI), standardised beta, and p value for each health phenotype.
AVSD atrioventricular septal defect
^a Variance explained by Model 1 larger than for other comorbidities due to a smaller sample; those with a congenital heart defect other than AVSD were excluded from analysis.

ISSN: 1866-1955