Table 2 Characteristics of participants
N(%) or mean (SD) | Placebo (n = 16) | Choline (n = 15) | Statistical test |
|---|---|---|---|
Age at enrollment (years) | 3.95 (0.75) | 3.81 (0.83) | t (29) = 0.51 p = 0.62 |
Age at follow-up (years) | 8.59(0.99) | 8.57 (1.01) | t (29) = 0.04 p = 0.97 |
Years since study completion | 3.94 (0.60) | 4.03 (0.48) | t (29) = 0.44 p = 0.67 |
Gender | |||
 Male | 7 (43.8%) | 8 (53.3%) | χ2 (1) = 0.29 p = 0.60 |
 Female | 9 (56.2%) | 7 (46.7%) | – |
Racial categories | |||
 White | 5 (31.3%) | 8 (53.3%) | χ2 (5) = 0.40 p = 0.56 |
 Black or African American | 5 (31.3%) | 2 (13.3%) |  |
 American Indian/Alaska Native | 3 (18.8%) | 1 (6.7%) |  |
 Asian | 1 (6.3%) | 1 (6.7%) |  |
 More than one race | 2 (12.5%) | 2 (13.3%) |  |
 Not reported | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.7%) |  |
Ethnic category | |||
 Hispanic or Latino | 1 (6.3%) | 1 (6.7%) | χ2 (2) = 0.97 p = 0.62 |
 Not Hispanic or Latino | 14 (87.5%) | 14 (93.3%) |  |
 Unknown | 1 (3.2%) | 0 (0.0%) |  |
Dysmorphic facial features | |||
 Lip (score 4 or 5) | 11 (68.8%) | 7 (50.0%) | χ2 (1) = 1.09 p = 0.30 |
 Philtrum (score 4 or 5) | 13 (81.3%) | 7 (50.0%) | χ2 (1) = 3.28 p = 0.07 |
 Palpebral fissure (≤ 10th percentile) | 11 (68.8%) | 11 (78.6%) | χ2 (1) = 0.37 p = 0.54 |
  ≥ 2 facial features present | 11 (68.8%) | 7 (46.7%) | χ2 (1) = 1.55 p = 0.21 |
Growth deficiency (≤ 10th percentile) | |||
 Height | 4 (25%) | 4 (13.3%) | χ2 (1) = 0.68 p = 0.41 |
 Weight | 2 (12.5%) | 4 (26.7%) | χ2 (1) = 1.00 p = 0.32 |
Deficient brain growth (≤ 10th percentile) | |||
 Occipital-frontal circumference (OFC) | 6 (37.5%) | 5 (33.3%) | χ2 (1) = 0.06 p = 0.81 |
Alcohol exposure | |||
 Alcohol confirmed | 14 (87.5%) | 12 (80.0%) | χ2 (1) = 0.32 p = 0.57 |
 Alcohol suspected | 2 (12.5%) | 3 (20.0%) |  |
Drug exposure | |||
 Other drug exposure suspected | 8 (50.0%) | 9 (60.0%) | χ2 (1) = 0.31 p = 0.58 |
IOM diagnostic category | |||
 FAS | 3 (18.8%) | 1 (6.7%) | χ2 (2) = 1.33 p = 0.52 |
 Partial FAS | 7 (43.8%) | 6 (40.0%) |  |
 ARND | 6 (37.5%) | 8 (53.3%) |  |
 Baseline Mullen Early Learning Composite | 77.9 (22.0) | 84.5 (13.4) | t (29)= − 0.98 p = 0.34 |