Expressive language development in adolescents with Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome: change over time and the role of family-related factors

Table 3 Longitudinal change of ELS measures of participants with DS or FXS

Context [β (SE), p]	Syntax complexity	Lexical diversity	Talkativeness	Dysfluency
Conversation	− 0.06 (0.02), p = 0.002	− 3.4 (1.4), p = 0.02	0.5 (0.2), p = 0.02	− 0.007 (0.02), p = 0.7
Narration	− 0.07 (0.08), p = 0.4	− 1.7 (1.2), p = 0.2	0.05 (0.2), p = 0.8	− 0.02 (0.02), p = 0.5

Dysfluency in narration and conversation and syntax complexity in conversation were transformed with the natural logarithm prior to analysis. The estimated coefficients (βs) represented estimates of annual change in a specific measure for the entire sample of participants (DS + FXS). Models included baseline CA, its interaction with time and time-varying Leiter-R GS. Bolded values have p < 0.05
CA chronological age, GS growth score

ISSN: 1866-1955