Table 4 Estimated intention-to-treat effects on changes in parenting stress based on mixed-effects modeling

 Distractibility/hyperactivity

− 4.037 (p = 0.004)

0.705 (p = 0.650)

− 4.742 (p = 0.024, d = 0.47)

 Adaptability

− 1.925 (p = 0.182)

− 0.417 (p = 0.660)

− 1.508 (p = 0.370, d = 0.15)

 Reinforces parent

− 4.665 (p = 0.014)

0.197 (p = 0.913)

− 4.862 (p = 0.068, d = 0.54)

 Demandingness

− 4.989 (p = 0.007)

− 1.278 (p = 0.496)

− 3.712 (p = 0.161, d = 0.38)

 Mood

− 5.392 (p = 0.000)

2.779 (p = 0.054)

− 8.170 (p = 0.000, d = 0.83)

 Acceptability

− 1.476 (p = 0.262)

− 0.924 (p = 0.497)

− 0.552 (p = 0.770, d = 0.08)

 Competence

− 2.997 (p = 0.037)

− 4.871 (p = 0.001)

1.875 (p = 0.373, d = 0.19)

 Isolation

− 2.263 (p = 0.231)

− 1.148 (p = 0.504)

− 1.115 (p = 0.664, d = 0.09)

 Attachment

− 0.967 (p = 0.638)

− 0.490 (p = 0.763)

− 0.477 (p = 0.862, d = 0.06)

 Health

− 2.510 (p = 0.151)

− 1.237 (p = 0.512)

− 1.273 (p = 0.627, d = 0.11)

 Role restriction

− 2.670 (p = 0.120)

0.727 (p = 0.551)

− 3.396 (p = 0.108, d = 0.29)

 Depression

− 2.745 (p = 0.137)

1.661 (p = 0.245)

− 4.407 (p = 0.059, d = 0.42)

 Spouse relationship

− 1.364 (p = 0.326)

0.212 (p = 0.860)

− 1.577 (p = 0.402, d = 0.16)

Child domain

− 4.321 (p = 0.001)

− 0.326 (p = 0.748)

− 3.995 (p = 0.013, d = 0.49)

Parent domain

− 2.414 (p = 0.097)

− 1.062 (p = 0.296)

− 1.352 (p = 0.453, d = 0.14)

Total stress

− 3.362 (p = 0.010)

− 0.734 (p = 0.318)

− 2.628 (p = 0.083, d = 0.31)