Sleep characteristics and problems of 2-year-olds with Williams syndrome: relations with language and behavior

Table 6 Multiple regression analyses predicting concurrent language and behavior as a function of nonverbal reasoning and nighttime sleep duration

Predictor	B	t	p -value	95% CI for B	Semi-partial r	Cohen’s f²
1. CDI-EV SS
Constant	99.50	116.91	< .001	[97.81, 101.19]
MSEL Visual Reception T	0.70	8.27	< .001*	[0.53, 0.87]	.64	0.74
Nighttime sleep duration (hr)	2.30	2.92	.004*	[0.74, 3.86]	.23	0.09
R² = .44, adjusted R² = .43, F (2, 93) = 36.75, p < .001
2. MSEL Expressive Language T
Constant	32.19	41.49	< .001	[30.65, 33.74]
MSEL Visual Reception T	0.64	8.33	< .001*	[0.49, 0.80]	.65	0.75
Nighttime sleep duration (hr)	2.02	2.82	.006*	[0.60, 3.45]	.22	0.08
R² = .44, adjusted R² = .43, F (2, 93) = 37.00, p < .001
3. MSEL Receptive Language T
Constant	31.92	38.00	< .001	[30.25, 33.59]
MSEL Visual Reception T	0.81	9.64	< .001*	[0.64, 0.97]	.70	1.00
Nighttime sleep duration (hr)	2.31	2.97	.004*	[0.77, 3.85]	.22	0.09
R² = .51, adjusted R² = .50, F (2, 93) = 48.88, p < .001
4. CBCL Internalizing Problems T
Constant	50.67	67.45	< .001	[49.18, 52.16]
MSEL Visual Reception T	− 0.31	− 4.11	< .001*	[− 0.46, − 0.16]	− .38	0.18
Nighttime sleep duration (hr)	− 1.84	− 2.65	.010*	[− 3.22, − 0.46]	− .25	0.08
R² = .19, adjusted R² = .18, F (2, 93) = 11.14, p < .001
5. CBCL Externalizing Problems T
Constant	49.65	49.56	< .001	[47.66, 51.64]
MSEL Visual Reception T	− 0.12	− 1.25	.216	[− 0.32, 0.07]	− .13	0.02
Nighttime sleep duration (hr)	− 0.28	− 0.30	.763	[− 2.12, 1.56]	− .03	< 0.01
R² = .02, adjusted R² = − .004, F (2, 93) = .80, p = .454

N = 96. CI confidence interval, CDI-EV SS MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences expressive vocabulary standard score, MSEL Mullen Scales of Early Learning, hr hours, CBCL Child Behavior Checklist
*Effect remains statistically significant after Holm-Bonferroni correction

ISSN: 1866-1955