Sleep characteristics and problems of 2-year-olds with Williams syndrome: relations with language and behavior

Table 7 Multiple regression analyses predicting concurrent language and behavior as a function of nonverbal reasoning and sleepiness

Predictor	B	t	p -value	95% CI for B	Semi-partial r	Cohen’s f²
1. CDI-EV SS
Constant	99.84	94.96	< .001	[97.74, 101.93]
MSEL Visual Reception T	0.66	5.96	< .001*	[0.44, 0.88]	.59	0.53
Sleepiness score	0.28	0.24	.809	[− 2.03, 2.59]	.02	− 0.06
R² = .35, adjusted R² = .33, F (2, 67) = 18.16, p < .001
2. MSEL Expressive Language T
Constant	32.00	36.37	< .001	[30.25, 33.76]
MSEL Visual Reception T	0.65	7.08	< .001*	[0.47, 0.84]	.65	0.75
Sleepiness score	0.25	0.26	.795	[− 1.68, 2.19]	.02	0.07
R² = .43, adjusted R² = .42, F (2, 67) = 25.60, p < .001
3. MSEL Receptive Language T
Constant	32.31	31.82	< .001	[30.29, 34.34]
MSEL Visual Reception T	0.90	8.42	< .001*	[0.69, 1.11]	.71	1.06
Sleepiness score	− 0.24	− 0.22	.829	[− 2.48, 1.99]	− .02	0.12
R² = .53, adjusted R² = .51, F (2, 67) = 37.04, p < .001
4. CBCL Internalizing Problems T
Constant	50.01	54.15	< .001	[48.17, 51.86]
MSEL Visual Reception T	− 0.30	− 3.07	.003*	[− 0.49, − 0.10]	− .35	0.14
Sleepiness score	0.93	0.91	.364	[− 1.10, 2.96]	.10	0.01
R² = .15, adjusted R² = .12, F (2, 67) = 5.86, p = .005
5. CBCL Externalizing Problems T
Constant	49.56	48.26	< .001	[47.51, 51.61]
MSEL Visual Reception T	− 0.10	− 0.89	.377	[− 0.31, 0.12]	− .09	0.01
Sleepiness score	5.09	4.50	< .001*	[2.83, 7.35]	.47	0.30
R² = .26, adjusted R² = .24, F (2, 67) = 11.66, p < .001

N = 70. CI confidence interval, CDI-EV SS MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences expressive vocabulary standard score, MSEL Mullen Scales of Early Learning, CBCL Child Behavior Checklist
*Effect remains statistically significant after Holm-Bonferroni correction

ISSN: 1866-1955