Fig. 3

Lack of social approach to pro-social 50-kHz USV in female CPF-exposed rats. a Exemplary spectrograms showing 2 s of the pro-social 50-kHz USV (upper panel) and time- and amplitude-matched white noise (lower panel) stimuli used in the playback assay. b Illustration of the radial maze used, with arms proximal to the active ultrasonic speaker shown in black, arms distal shown in white, and neutral arms shown in gray. c During the minute of USV playback, males of all exposure groups spent significantly more time on the arms proximal to the speaker compared to the distal arms. d In females, only the vehicle and 0.1 mg/kg/day CPF groups showed a significant preference for the proximal arms. Female rats exposed to 0.3 mg/kg/day or 1.0 mg/kg/day did not spend significantly more time on the proximal arms compared to the distal arms. Regardless of exposure, (e) all males and (f) females displayed similar patterns of locomotion in response to playback of 50-kHz USV. g All males and (h) females exhibited comparable levels of movement during the minute before and the minute of white noise. Data are mean + S.E.M. c, d: *p < 0.05, paired t test, proximal vs. distal