Table 1 Study population

 Female sex

173 (49%)

189 (49%)

 Birth Weight (kg)

351

2.8 ± 0.5

0.8–4.5

383

2.9 ± 0.3

1.0–3.5

 Birth Length (cm)

351

46.9 ± 2.4

33.0–56.0

383

46.1 ± 2.6

34.0–74.0

 Age at study visit (months)

351

28.0 ± 2.8

19.9–40.3

383

28.2 ± 2.9

22.5–36.1

 Z-score length-for-age

351

(− 1.8) ± 1.0

(− 6.9)–0.8

383

(− 2.3) ± 1.1

(− 12.1)–1.1

 Stunted

351

142 (40%)

253 (66%)

 Age at childbirth (years)

351

22.9 ± 4.1

18.0–41.0

383

23.0 ± 4.4

18.0–40.0

 Height (cm)

351

151.0 ± 5.1

134.0–168.0

383

151.4 ± 6.2

135.0–189.0

 Weight (kg)

351

45.1 ± 7.0

30.0–70.0

383

47.9 ± 8.2

31.0–80.0

 Low (< 12.5 units/week)

1 (0.3%)

195 (51%)

 Medium (12.5–26 units/week)

196 (56%)

177 (46%)

 High (> 26 units/week)

154 (44%)

11 (3%)

 Primary education or less

160 (46%)

185 (48%)

 Secondary education or more

191 (54%)

198 (52%)

 Any smokers in household: yes

177 (50%)

130 (34%)

 Cord blood As (μg/dL)

351

1.5 ± 2.2

0.1–27.7 (IQR 0.6, 1.6)

383

0.5 ± 0.6

0.1–7.4 (IQR 0.3, 0.6)

 Cord blood Mn (μg/dL)

351

18 ± 30

1.7–303.2 (IQR 4.9, 18.0)

383

6.5 ± 7.6

1.2–88.6 (IQR 3.9, 6.6)

 Cord blood Pb (μg/dL)

351

2.7 ± 6.9

0.3–79.2 (IQR 1.2, 2.4)

383

7.3 ± 4.6

1.0–36.0 (IQR 4.0, 9.7)

 Venous blood As (μg/dL)

351

1.0 ± 0.8

0.1–5.7 (IQR 0.4, 1.4)

383

0.9 ± 0.7

LOD^a–3.1 (IQR 0.2, 1.3)

 Venous blood Mn (μg/dL)

351

2.1 ± 2.1

0.6–36.5 (IQR 1.4, 2.4)

383

2.2 ± 1.0

LOD^b–11.7 (IQR 1.6, 2.6)

 Venous blood Pb (μg/dL)

351

4.5 ± 2.1

1.1–18.0 (IQR 3.0, 5.2)

383

9.1 ± 4.5

LOD^a–39.9 (IQR 5.9, 11.2)