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Table 3 Regression results for the effect of cord blood lead concentration and childhood stunting on cognitive neurodevelopment at study sites

From: Stunting and lead: using causal mediation analysis to better understand how environmental lead exposure affects cognitive outcomes in children

Model component

Pabna (n = 351)

Sirajdikhan (n = 383)

β (Std error)

p value

β (Std error)

p value

Key predictors and interaction

 Log cord blood lead (μg/dL)

0.774 (0.497)

0.120

0.317 (0.417)

0.448

 Stunted

1.020 (0.652)

0.119

0.339 (0.938)

0.718

 Log cord blood lead μg/dL*Stunted

− 2.100 (0.713)

0.003

− 0.451 (0.492)

0.360

Model covariates

 Child characteristics

  Child sex

− 0.200 (0.469)

0.670

− 0.223 (0.304)

0.464

  Birth weight (kg)

− 0.335 (0.589)

0.570

1.779 (0.552)

0.001

  Birth length (cm)

1.255 (1.292)

0.332

0.658 (0.431)

0.128

  Birth length (cm)2

− 0.008 (0.014)

0.580

− 0.007 (0.004)

0.114

  Age at study visit (months)

6.269 (1.039)

4.3*10-9

4.359 (1.112)

1.1*10-4

  Age at study visit (months)2

− 0.089 (0.017)

5.3*10-7

− 0.066 (0.019)

7.7*10-4

 Mother characteristics

  Age at childbirth (years)

0.011 (0.061)

0.854

0.010 (0.037)

0.792

  Height (cm)

− 0.068 (0.052)

0.194

0.012 (0.026)

0.637

  Weight (kg)

− 0.011 (0.038)

0.777

− 0.014 (0.021)

0.500

  Protein intake, pregnancy

0.771 (0.491)

0.118

− 0.424 (0.325)

0.192

  Raven IQ score

0.014 (0.045)

0.759

− 0.019 (0.020)

0.334

 Education

1.300 (0.513)

0.012

0.305 (0.321)

0.342

Any smokers in household

− 0.258 (0.462)

0.578

0.035 (0.316)

0.911

Composite HOME Score

0.043 (0.098)

0.664

0.248 (0.086)

0.004

Prenatal metal exposures 

 Log cord blood As (μg/dL)

0.743 (0.368)

0.044

− 0.252 (0.260)

0.334

 Log cord blood Mn (μg/dL)

− 0.421 (0.347)

0.226

0.097 (0.332)

0.770

Child metal exposures

 Venous blood As (μg/dL)

− 0.781 (0.475)

0.102

0.768 (0.303)

0.012

 Venous blood As (μg/dL)2

0.018 (0.310)

0.954

− 0.054 (0.136)

0.694

 Venous blood Mn (μg/dL)

− 1.231 (0.624)

0.049

− 0.415 (0.428)

0.332

 Venous blood Pb (μg/dL)

0.191 (0.581)

0.743

− 0.721 (0.325)

0.027

Intercept

− 79.714 (34.690)

0.022

− 40.453 (19.954)

0.043

  1. The variables used in these separate models (one for each site) were as follows: All variables in the table were continuous except the following: stunted (categorical, 0 and 1 with 1 indicating stunting), child sex (categorical male =1, female = 2), protein intake during pregnancy (categorical, with low = 1, medium = 2, and high = 3), education (categorical, with 0 = primary education or less, and 1 = secondary education or more), and any smokers in the household (categorical, with 0 = No, and 1 = Yes)
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Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

ISSN: 1866-1955

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