Capturing cognitive and behavioral variability among individuals with Down syndrome: a latent profile analysis

Table 2 Description of primary measures

Domain of assessment	Measure	Outcome variable^a	Interpretation of score
Performance-based assessments of cognition
Verbal + nonverbal intelligence	KBIT-2	Raw score composite	Higher score = more skills
Working memory (immediate memory for spatial-temporal sequences)	CANTAB Spatial Span	Forward span length	Higher score = more skills
Visuomotor scanning and hand-eye coordination	NEPSY-II Visuomotor Precision, ages 3–4	Total score (time and number of errors)	Higher score = more skills
Caregiver-informed assessments of cognition and behavior
Executive functioning	BRIEF School Age	Global Executive Composite standard score	Higher score = more impairments
Adaptive	SIB-R Short Form	Standard score composite	Higher score = more adaptive skills
Maladaptive	NCBRF	Conduct problems, insecure/anxious, and hyperactivity subscale raw scores	Higher score = more maladaptive behaviors
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptomatology	SCQ-Lifetime	Total raw score	Higher score = more ASD-like symptoms

KBIT-2 Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, 2nd edition, CANTAB Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, BRIEF Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function, SIB-R Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised, NCBRF Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form, SCQ Social Communication Questionnaire
^aAll outcome variables were age-corrected

ISSN: 1866-1955