Fig. 1

Examples of the first block of the learning period in Leonard et al. [36]. The top panel is an example of a novel word (/nɛp/) in the repeated spaced retrieval (RSR) condition. This novel word begins with a study trial followed immediately by a retrieval trial and then another study trial. The designation “0” indicates that there were zero words intervening between the retrieval trial and the preceding study trial. When (/nɛp/) appeared again in the learning sequence, it was in a spaced retrieval trial, with three other words intervening since the previous study trial for /nɛp/. For this reason, it is designated a “3” trial. The bottom panel shows a novel word (/paɪb/) in the repeated study condition. Only study trials were used in this condition. The number of study trials matched the number of study trials used in the RSR condition to control for amount of exposure