Table 5 Word form main effects model results — pooled over studies (n = 101, 416 repeated observations)

Fixed effects

b

p-value

b_std

 Group (DLD vs. TD)

− 1.57

− 2.86

− 0.27

0.018

− 0.44

 Condition (RSR vs. OL)

2.62

2.02

3.23

0.000

0.74

 Time (1 week vs. 5 min)

0.01

− 0.24

0.26

0.948

0.00

 Study 2 vs. study 1

− 0.11

− 1.45

1.23

0.872

− 0.03

 Study 3 vs. study 1

3.22

2.22

4.21

0.000

0.91

 Study 4 vs. study 1

1.00

− 0.29

2.29

0.127

0.28

 Study 3 vs. study 2

3.33

2.11

4.55

0.000

0.94

 Study 4 vs. study 2

1.11

− 0.17

2.40

0.089

0.31

 Study 4 vs. study 3

− 2.21

− 3.31

− 1.12

0.000

− 0.63

 PPVT-4

− 0.02

− 0.07

0.02

0.302

− 0.01

 Mother’s education

0.01

− 0.25

0.27

0.949

0.00

 Intercept

5.24

− 0.98

11.46

Random effects

σ²

 Condition

7.96

5.67

11.19

 Intercept

6.06

4.34

8.46

 Residual

1.70

1.39

2.09