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Table 3 Sample characteristics and quality criteria for included papers

From: The prevalence and profile of autism in individuals born preterm: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Location

Gestational age of sample

Diagnostic tools used

Sample Size

No. preterm individuals scored over the autism threshold

Quality Criteria

Autism

Sample Identification

Design

Abolfotouh et al, 2018 [26]

Saudi Arabia

22-23wks (10)

Denver developmental screening test

63

4

(Hyperactive autistic)

1

1

3

24-25wks (43)

26-28wks (52)

29-30wks (12)

Al-Hathlol et al., 2020 [27]

Saudi Arabia

< 32 weeks or < 1500 g

Unspecified questionnaire

158

3

1

1

2

Atladottir et al, 2016 [28]

Denmark

24–43 weeks

Diagnosis was retrieved from the Danish Psychiatric Central Register

82,911

1203

1

3

2

Bakian et al, 2018 [29]

Utah

< 37 weeks

Registry of Autism and Developmental Disabilities

4855

112

(ASD)

1

2

2

Boone et al, 2018 [30]

Columbus

< 30 weeks

PDDST-II-DCS

528

190

3

2

3

ADOS-2

555

24

(ASD)

Bröring et al, 2018 [31]

Amsterdam

Very preterm (30.2 mean)

SRS, Children’s Communication Checklist, SCQ

57

0

1

1

3

Brumbaugh et al., 2020 [32]

Minnesota

< 37 weeks

Medical and educational records

7876

266

1

3

3

Chen et al., 2020 [33]

Taiwan

< 32 weeks or < 1500 g

ADOS and ADI-R

324

30

3

2

3

De Groote et al, 2006 [34]

Belgium

< 37 weeks

Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic

25

2

(Autism)

2

1

3

De Oliveira Holanda et al., 2020 [35]

Brazil

< 37 weeks

MCHAT

40

20

1

1

3

Dudova et al, 2014 [36]

Prague

NR

M-CHAT

157

28

3

2

3

ADOS

33

15

Gray et al, 2015 [37]

Brisbane

very preterm

MCHAT, The CBCL & DASS

97

13

(Autism)

1

1

3

Guy et al, 2015 [23]

East Midlands

32–36 weeks

MCHAT & follow up phone interview

634

92

1

2

3

Hack et al, 2009 [38]

America

26 weeks

Parent Child Symptom Inventory

219

8

1

1

2

Harel-Gadassi et al., 2018 [39]

Jerusalem, Israel

31.16 (mean)

M-CHAT

93

25

3

1

3

ADOS-T

101

8

Hubert et al., 2020 [40]

Poland

GA Mean 27.8

Childhood autism spectrum test

89

5

1

1

3

Hvidtjorn et al., 2011 [41]

Denmark

< 37

Public child mental health service

37,283

277

1

2

3

Hwang et al, 2013 [42]

Taiwan

Late preterm = 1078, Later preterm = 28,947, Full-term = 1,104,071

Coded by doctors based on ICD-9-CM

Early preterm = 1078, Later preterm = 28,947

Early preterm = 24, Later preterm = 387

1

2

3

Ikejiri et al, 2016 [43]

Juntendo

> 33 Weeks

DSM-4-TR

59

9

(ASD)

1

1

3

Indredavik et al., 2004 [44]

Norway

GA mean: 28.8

Interviewed and conclusions drawn according to DSM

56

1

1

2

3

Johnson et al, 2010 [45]

UK & Ireland

< 26

SCQ

189

29 (ASD)

1

3

3

Johnson et al, 2018 [24]

England

32 wks = 38

MCHAT

638

92

1

2

3

Joo et al., 2015 [46]

Korea

24–36

CARS

58

1

2

2

3

Kihara et al., 2015 [47]

Japan

GA mean: 27.4

Clinical assessments & DSM criteria

321

35

1

2

3

Klimek et al., 2018 [48]

Poland

28 weeks (Mean)

The Childhood Autism Spectrum Test

86

5

1

1

3

Kuban et al 2009 [49]

US

before 28 weeks gestation

MCHAT

988

212

1

2

3

Kuzniewicz et al, 2014 [50]

California

<  24 weeks

ASD evaluation centre

15,696

280

3

2

3

Laerum et al., 2019 [51]

Norway

28.9 weeks (mean)

Autism Spectrum Quotient

59

21

1

1

3

Lean et al., 2020 [52]

USA

< 30 weeks

ADOS & Parent report

85

11

3

1

3

Leavey et al, 2013 [53]

California

 

Diagnostic codes

33,121

213

1

2

2

Lederman et al, 2018 [54]

São Paulo, Brazil

29.5 (mean)

M-CHAT & Autism Behaviour Checklist

60

4

3

1

3

Limperopoulos, et al, 2008 [15]

Boston

NR

MCHAT

91

23

1

1

3

Matheis et al, 2018 [55]

Louisiana

< 37 Weeks

BISCUIT Part 1

687

213

1

2

2

Mir et al., 2020 [56]

Texas

<  28 weeks

MCHAT

218

31

2

1

2

ADOS & CARS

218

16

Mohammed et al., 2016 [57]

Saudi Arabia

GA 27–33

Clinical assessments & DSM

107

5

1

1

3

Moore et al, 2012 [25]

England

NR

MCHAT

523

216

(Positive result on the MCHAT Autism)

1

3

3

Nagai et al., 2020 [58]

Japan

VLBW < 1500

DSM-5 and ADOS

38

10

3

1

3

Persson et al., 2020 [59]

Norway

< 37 weeks

Medical records

165,845

3544

1

3

2

Pineda et al., 2014 [60]

USA

< 30 weeks

MCHAT

77

19

1

2

2

Pinto-Martin et al., 2011 [21]

New Jersey

GA mean:31.2

ADI-R/ADOS

623

14

2

2

3

SCQ

623

117

Pritchard et al, 2016 [61]

Australia

< 29 Weeks

ADOS-G

15

3

2

1

3

M-CHAT

169

22

Rand., et al. 2016 [62]

New Zealand

< 32

DAWBA

102

3

1

2

3

Rutkowska, et al, 2018 [63]

Poland

< 28 Weeks

Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers &

Young Children

10

4

1

1

1

Sharp et al., 2018 [64]

Australia

22–24 wks

Multidisciplinary team assessment

159

9

1

1

2

Stephens et al, 2012 [65]

NICHD Neonatal

Research Network

< 27 weeks

PDDST-II & adapted items from the ADOS

554

Positive screen - 113

2

2

3

Sumanasena et al., 2018 [66]

Sri Lanka

< 34

DSM Criteria

39

3

1

2

3

Treyvaud et al, 2013 [14]

Melbourne Australia,

< 30 weeks

DAWBA

177`

8

(ASD)

1

1

3

Twilhaar et al., 2019 [67]

Amsterdam, Netherlands

29.2 weeks (mean)

Social Responsiveness Scale

60

18

1

1

3

Verhaeghe et al, 2016 [68]

Belgium

Before 27 weeks

SRS

47

21

3

2

3

ADOS, and The ADI-R

43

14

Vermeirsch et al., 2020 [69]

Belgium

<  30 weeks

SRS

55

22

2

1

3

ADOS, ADI-R & clinical information

55

7

Yaari, et al, 2016 [70]

Israel

24–34 weeks

The AOSI and ADOS-T

99

High ASD risk – 8, Low ASD risk - 91

Yang et al., 2015 [71]

Taiwan

Mean BW 1200 g

Diagnostic tools, observations and parental reports

61

2

1

2

3

You et al., 2019 [72]

China

35.5 weeks (mean)

M-CHAT

102

9

1

2

3