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Table 2 Percent differences in EEG power associated with effects of ASD, sex, and age for the 5 frequency bands and by 9 regions of interest along the anterior to posterior gradient (anterior, central, and posterior) and hemisphere (left, midline [mid], and right).

From: Resting state EEG in youth with ASD: age, sex, and relation to phenotype

 

Delta

Theta

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Left

Mid

Right

Left

Mid

Right

Left

Mid

Right

Left

Mid

Right

Left

Mid

Right

ASD

 Anterior

% Diff

− 4%

− 4%

− 4%

6%

6%

3%

26%

20%

22%

− 2%

− 2%

− 6%

− 5%

− 8%

− 12%

p-val

0.405

0.393

0.371

0.306

0.385

0.663

0.001

0.011

0.004

0.775

0.724

0.442

0.604

0.181

0.184

 Center

% Diff

− 4%

0%

3%

8%

11%

14%

36%

38%

46%

2%

3%

5%

(int.2)

− 9%

− 15%

p-val

0.449

0.955

0.583

0.298

0.168

0.059

0.001

0.001

< 0.001

0.793

0.629

0.489

0.110

0.077

 Posterior

% Diff

− 5%

2%

2%

3%

9%

12%

23%

25%

35%

0%

3%

7%

− 16%

− 10%

− 13%

p-val

0.416

0.738

0.790

0.676

0.248

0.141

0.039

0.039

0.002

0.946

0.669

0.371

0.031

0.230

0.094

Male sex

 Anterior

% Diff

23%

15%

26%

17%

7%

19%

15%

4%

15%

(int.1)

3%

23%

(int.3)

− 14%

10%

p-val

0.001

0.004

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.280

0.001

0.034

0.548

0.025

0.598

0.007

0.018

0.332

 Center

% Diff

44%

46%

43%

40%

50%

42%

39%

41%

57%

36%

35%

42%

(int.2)

10%

42%

p-val

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.073

< 0.001

 Posterior

% Diff

46%

34%

42%

48%

36%

48%

58%

50%

61%

41%

39%

41%

44%

45%

41%

p-val

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.002

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Age (years)

 Anterior

% Diff

− 11%

− 13%

− 12%

− 12%

− 13%

− 13%

− 8%

− 8%

− 10%

(int.1)

− 7%

− 10%

(int.3)

− 6%

− 7%

p-val

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Center

% Diff

− 16%

− 12%

− 14%

− 16%

− 13%

− 16%

− 11%

− 8%

− 11%

− 8%

− 5%

− 8%

− 5%

− 1%

− 4%

p-val

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.003

.107

0.031

 Posterior

% Diff

− 16%

− 14%

− 16%

− 16%

− 14%

− 16%

− 10%

− 10%

− 10%

− 8%

− 5%

− 8%

− 4%

− 1%

− 4%

p-val

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.002

0.527

0.014

  1. A separate linear mixed-effects model was run for each frequency-region combination. Models included ASD, age, and sex as covariates, and accounted for clustering by site and family. Participants ranged in age from 8 to 17 years
  2. Interpretation for each estimate is as follows:
  3. ASD: The percent difference in power associated with NO autism diagnosis, compared to children WITH an autism diagnosis, adjusting for ASD and sex
  4. Sex: The percent difference in power associated with being male, compared to being female, adjusting for ASD and sex
  5. Age: The percent difference in power associated with a 1-year increase in age, adjusting for ASD and sex
  6. Int.1, int.2, int.3: interaction observed thus stratum specific estimates provided as follows:
  7. 1: For males, percent difference is − 10.8% for each additional year of age, vs −6.0% for females (both p < 0.001)
  8. 2: For males, percent difference is 4.2% for no ASD compared to ASD (not significant), vs − 28.0% for females (p = 0.015)
  9. 3: For males, percent difference is − 10.8% for each additional year of age (p < 0.001), vs − 2.4% for females (not significant)
  10. Models which had significant interaction terms are thus indicated; otherwise interaction terms were not significant and therefore not included in the model