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Table 1 Means and standard deviations of standard scores and percentages of “at-risk” infants and toddlers with TS on PLS-4, CSBS-DP Behavioral Sample, and CSBS-DP Caregiver Questionnaire

From: Turner syndrome: language profile of young girls at 12 and 24 months of age

Variable

12 months

24 months

Mean scores t test (H0: μTS pop 0)

At-risk exact χ2-test (H0: %TS pop = 16)

Mean scores t test (H0: μTS pop = μ0)

At-risk

exact χ2-test

(H0: %TS pop = 16)

M ± SD

p

% (n)

p

M ± SD

p

% (n)

p

PLS-4 (n12 = 26, n24= 22)

 Auditory comprehension

96.5 ± 11.7

.139

23.1 (6)

.418

93.0 ± 11.4

.009*

31.8 (7)

.072

 Expressive communication

105.0 ± 12.7

.055

3.8 (1)

.109

99.9 ± 11.5

.971

9.1 (2)

.420

Total language

100.8 ± 12.6

.746

11.5 (3)

.611

96.3 ± 12.0

.166

22.7 (5)

.562

CSBS-DP BS (n12 = 25, n24 = 19)

Social

  Emotion and eye gaze

9.1 ± 1.7

.010*

4.0 (1)

.166

12.1 ± 3.9

.033

15.8 (3)

> .999

  Communication

8.6 ± 2.8

.025*

48.0 (12)

< .001*

11.1 ± 4.3

.279

31.6 (6)

.106

  Gestures

8.2 ± 3.1

.010*

36.0 (9)

.012*

10.1 ± 3.6

.950

31.6 (6)

.106

Speech

  Sounds

9.6 ± 2.0

.322

24.0 (6)

.413

11.6 ± 2.4

.008*

5.3 (1)

.238

  Words

10.4 ± 1.5

.149

0.0 (0)

.049

12.5 ± 3.4

.005*

5.3 (1)

.238

Symbolic

  Understanding

9.5 ± 1.9

.178

4.0 (1)

.166

10.4 ± 3.7

.672

15.8 (3)

> .999

  Object use

7.7 ± 2.9

< .001*

60.0 (15)

< .001*

11.1 ± 3.3

.182

15.8 (3)

> .999

 Composite

  Social

8.7 ± 2.8

.031*

36.0 (9)

.012*

11.1 ± 3.9

.256

21.1 (4)

.756

  Speech

9.7 ± 1.9

.464

12.0 (3)

.787

12.2 ± 2.5

.001*

5.3 (1)

.238

  Symbolic

8.0 ± 2.7

.001*

52.0 (13)

< .001*

10.3 ± 3.0

.703

21.1 (4)

.756

Total standard score

90.2 ± 12.1

< .001*

36.0 (9)

.012*

107.6 ± 17.6

.075

10.5 (2)

.570

CSBS-DP CQ (n12 = 26, n24 = 20)

Social

  Emotion and eye gaze

10.3 ± 3.2

.676

34.6 (9)

.016*

11.9 ± 3.2

.015

10.0 (2)

.564

  Communication

10.2 ± 3.1

.799

15.4 (4)

> .999

11.8 ± 3.9

.052

10.0 (2)

.564

  Gestures

9.9 ± 3.4

.863

23.1 (6)

.418

14.4 ± 4.8

< .001*

20.0 (4)

.759

Speech

  Sounds

9.5 ± 2.6

.341

23.1 (6)

.418

13.2 ± 4.0

.002*

5.0 (1)

.234

  Words

10.0 ± 2.6

.939

23.1 (6)

.418

11.4 ± 3.1

.069

5.0 (1)

.234

Symbolic

  Understanding

8.5 ± 3.1

.024

38.5 (10)

.005*

11.7 ± 5.1

.151

25.0 (5)

.353

  Object use

9.0 ± 3.0

.107

34.6 (9)

.016*

9.1 ± 2.3

.081

20.0 (4)

.759

 Composite

  Social

9.9 ± 2.9

.789

30.8 (8)

.056

11.4 ± 2.5

.021

5.0 (1)

.234

  Speech

9.8 ± 2.7

.777

23.1 (6)

.418

11.4 ± 2.9

.044

5.0 (1)

.234

  Symbolic

8.8 ± 2.9

.046

42.3 (11)

.001*

9.1 ± 2.3

.095

30.0 (6)

.188

Total standard score

94.9 ± 14.3

.082

30.8 (8)

.056

101.4 ± 12.4

.619

15.0 (3)

> .999

  1. Note. μTS pop = mean in the TS population, μ0 = normative mean. Boldfaced p < .05, *p after FDR correction < .05