Fig. 3

Measures of function in along the auditory pathway. A Example human auditory brainstem response (ABR) trace. The first peak represents activity in the auditory nerve, and the second correlates to the cochlear nucleus. Peak III represents the superior olivary complex, and peaks IV and V represent the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus, respectively. B Example cortical auditory event-related potential (ERP) trace. The ERP is made up of 5 peaks, representing activation in different areas. P1 is produced by activity in the auditory thalamus (MGN) and the primary auditory cortex, N1 is produced by the auditory cortex. P2 is produced by the association cortex. N2 and P3 peaks (associated with the frontal cortex) are observed in humans, but less commonly in rodents. C Exemplar EEG frequency activity. Raw EEG traces (as may be recorded from the auditory or prefrontal cortices) are composite waves, from which activity in several frequency ranges can be extracted. The power in each of these frequency bands indicates the extent to which activity at that frequency contributes to the overall recorded activity