Table 3 Treatment group differences in executive function performance at follow-up evaluation
Median; mean (SD) {n} | Placebo | Choline | Statistic | Significance | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WISC-V | |||||
 Digit Span | 6.0; 6.88 (3.68) {8} | 9.0; 8.29 (2.43) {7} | W = 35.5 | 0.41 | 0.45 |
 Picture Span | 10.0; 9.29 (2.63) {7} | 11.0; 10.14 (4.38) {7} | W = 31.5 | 0.40 | 0.23 |
D-KEFS Trail Making Test | |||||
 Visual scanning | 9.5; 9.12 (3.60) {8} | 10.0; 9.29 (3.90) {7} | W = 32.0 | 0.68 | 0.04 |
 Number sequencing | 11.0; 9.88 (3.98) {8} | 12.0; 11.57 (0.98) {7} | W = 36.5 | 0.34 | 0.58 |
 Letter sequencing | 9.5; 8.50 (5.10) {8} | 10.0; 8.0 (4.90) {7} | W = 27.5 | 1.00 | −0.09 |
 Number/letter sequencing | 10.5; 7.0 (3.59) {8} | 11.0; 9.14 (3.14) {7} | W = 1.2 | 0.91 | 0.61 |
 Motor speed | 10.0; 9.12 (3.18) {8} | 12.0; 11.86 (1.21) {7} | W = 45.5 | 0.04* | 1.14 |
D-KEFS Color-Word Interference Test | |||||
 Color naming | 3.0; 4.38 (2.92) {8} | 10.0; 8.43 (3.41) {7} | W = 45.0 | 0.05 | 1.27 |
 Word reading | 8.0; 7.75 (2.05) {8} | 9.0; 9.86 (1.68) {7} | W = 42.0 | 0.11 | 1.13 |
 Inhibition | 3.5; 5.62 (5.01) {8} | 10.0; 8.57 (2.76) {7} | W = 37.5 | 0.29 | 0.72 |
 Inhibition/switching | 7.5; 6.88 (4.67) {8} | 10.0; 9.71 (2.06) {7} | W = 41.0 | 0.14 | 0.78 |