From: Co-occurring conditions in children with Down syndrome and autism: a retrospective study
Category | All (n/N, %) | DS+ASD (n/N, %) | DS-only (n/N, %) | Odds ratio | p value (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male sex | 316/562 (56.2%) | 52/72 (72.2%) | 264/490 (53.9%) | 2.23 a | 0.004 (1.29–3.84) |
English as primary language | 514/559 (91.9%) | 69/72 (95.8%) | 445/487 (91.4%) | 2.17 | 0.21 (0.65–7.20) |
Preterm (<37 weeks gestational age) delivery | 136/536 (25.4%) | 19/71 (26.8%) | 117/465 (25.2%) | 1.09 | 0.77 (0.62–1.91) |
NICU stay >4 days | 293/514 (57.0%) | 39/66 (59.1%) | 254/448 (56.7%) | 1.10 | 0.71 (0.65–1.87) |
NICU complications | 195/516 (37.8%) | 27/65 (41.5%) | 168/451 (37.3%) | 1.20 | 0.51 (0.71–2.03) |
CHD (with or without surgery) versus no CHD | 320/531 (60.3.%) | 33/69 (47.8%) | 287/462 (62.1%) | 0.56 a | 0.02 (0.34–0.93) |
CHD with surgery versus CHD without surgery | 99/320 (30.9%) | 9/33 (27.3.%) | 90/287 (31.4%) | 0.82 | 0.63 (0.37–1.84) |
CHD with surgery versus no CHD | 99/310 (31.9%) | 9/45 (20.0%) | 90/ 287 (31.4%) | 0.49 | 0.07 (0.22–1.05) |
CHD without surgery versus no CHD | 221/432 (51.2%) | 24/60 (40.0%) | 197/372 (53.0%) | 0.59 | 0.06 (0.34–1.03) |
Atrioventricular canal defect | 96/554 (17.3%) | 12/71 (16.9%) | 84/483 (17.4%) | 0.97 | 0.92 (0.50–1.88) |
Patent foramen ovale | 74/554 (13.4%) | 8/71 (11.3%) | 66/483 (13.7%) | 0.80 | 0.58 (0.37–1.75) |
Patent ductus arteriosus | 81/552 (14.7%) | 7/71 (9.9%) | 74/481 (15.4%) | 0.60 | 0.22 (0.27–1.36) |
Atrial septal defect | 113/554 (24.0%) | 8/71 (11.3%) | 125/483 (25.9%) | 0.36 a | 0.009 (0.17–0.78) |
Ventricular septal defect | 114/553 (20.6%) | 13/71 (18.3%) | 101/482 (21.0%) | 0.85 | 0.61 (0.45–1.60) |
Tetralogy of Fallot | 21/554 (3.8%) | 5/71 (7.0%) | 16/483 (3.3%) | 2.21 | 0.13 (0.78–6.24) |
Respiratory problems | 250/544 (46.0%) | 33/72 (45.8%) | 217/472 (46.0%) | 0.99 | 0.98 (0.60–1.64) |
Congenital hypothyroidism | 92/536 (17.2%) | 10/70 (14.3%) | 82/466 (17.6%) | 0.78 | 0.49 (0.38–1.23) |
Acquired hypothyroidism | 82/535 (15.3%) | 8/70 (11.4%) | 74/465 (15.9%) | 0.68 | 0.33 (0.31–1.48) |
Hyperthyroidism | 17/535 (3.2%) | 3/69 (4.3%) | 14/466 (3.0%) | 1.47 | 0.55 (0.41–5.24) |
Gl problems | 337/544 (61.9%) | 55/72 (76.4%) | 282/472 (59.7%) | 2.18 a | 0.008 (1.23–3.87) |
Constipation | 249/544 (45.8%) | 45/72 (62.5%) | 204/472 (43.2%) | 2.19 a | 0.003 (1.31–3.65) |
Gastroesophageal reflux | 145/541 (26.8%) | 28/72 (38.9%) | 117/469 (38.9%) | 1.91 a | 0.01 (1.14–3.21) |
Celiac | 31/544 (5.7%) | 5/72 (6.9%) | 26/472 (5.5%) | 1.28 | 0.63 (0.48–3.45) |
GI surgery | 51/414 (12.3%) | 10/50 (20.0%) | 41/364 (11.3%) | 1.97 | 0.08 (0.92–4.23) |
Duodenal atresia/stenosis | 27/543 (5.0%) | 4/72 (5.6%) | 23/471 (4.9%) | 1.15 | 0.81 (0.38–3.41) |
Hirschsprung’s disease | 12/542 (2.2%) | 1/72 (1.4%) | 11/470 (2.3%) | 0.38 | 0.61 (0.07–4.62) |
Gastrostomy tube | 64/541 (11.8%) | 10/68 (14.7%) | 54/473 (11.4%) | 1.34 | 0.43 (0.65–2.77) |
Dysphagia without aspiration | 29/541 (5.4%) | 4/69 (5.8.%) | 25/472 (5.3%) | 1.10 | 0.86 (0.37–3.26) |
Dysphagia with aspiration | 54/542 (10.0%) | 8/69 (11.6%) | 46/473 (9.7%) | 1.22 | 0.63 (0.55–2.70) |
Special dietary needs | 84/542 (15.5%) | 14/69 (20.3%) | 70/473 (14.8%) | 1.47 | 0.16 (0.77–2.78) |
Behavioral feeding problem | 22/541 (4.1%) | 6/69 (8.7%) | 16/472 (3.4%) | 2.71 a | 0.04 (1.02–7.19) |
Cervical spine problem/atlantoaxial instability | 22/540 (4.1%) | 4/68 (5.9%) | 18/472 (3.8%) | 1.58 | 0.42 (0.52–4.81) |
Scoliosis | 30/540 (5.6%) | 8/68 (11.8%) | 22/472 (4.7%) | 2.73 a | 0.02 (1.16–6.40) |
Hearing loss | 216/547 (39.5%) | 31/70 (44.3%) | 185/477 (38.8%) | 1.25 | 0.38 (0.76–2.08) |
Hearing aids | 87/547 (15.9%) | 9/70 (12.9%) | 78/477 (16.4%) | 0.75 | 0.45 (0.36–1.58) |
Eustachian tube dysfunction | 153/547 (28.0%) | 18/70 (25.7%) | 135/477 (28.3%) | 0.88 | 0.65 (0.50–1.55) |
Tympanostomy ubes | 248/547 (45.3%) | 29/70 (41.4%) | 219/477 (45.9%) | 0.83 | 0.48 (0.50–1.39) |
History of tonsillectomy | 210/544 (38.6%) | 28/68 (41.2%) | 182/476 (38.2%) | 1.13 | 0.64 (0.67–1.90) |
History of adenoidectomy | 224/546 (41.0%) | 30/70 (42.9%) | 194/476 (40.8%) | 1.09 | 0.74 (0.66–1.81) |
Other ear, nose, throat surgery | 77/370 (20.8%) | 11/47 (23.4%) | 66/323 (20.4%) | 1.19 | 0.64 (0.57–2.46) |
Vision problems | 414/544 (76.1%) | 49/68 (72.1%) | 365/476 (76.7%) | 0.78 | 0.40 (0.44–1.39) |
Transient myeloproliferative disorder | 8/529 (1.5%) | 1/66 (1.5%) | 7/463 (1.5%) | 1.0 | 1.00 (0.12–8.28) |
Anemia | 35/532 (6.6%) | 6/66 (9.1%) | 29/466 (6.2%) | 1.51 | 0.38 (0.60–3.78) |
Leukemia | 12/532 (2.3%) | 1/66 (1.5%) | 11/466 (2.4%) | 0.64 | 0.67 (0.08–5.01) |
Epilepsy | 22/531 (4.1%) | 6/68 (8.8%) | 16/463 (3.5%) | 2.70 a | 0.046 (1.02–7.17) |
Infantile spasms | 11/530 (2.1%) | 5/68 (7.4%) | 6/462 (1.3%) | 6.03 a | 0.004 (1.79–20.34) |
Generalized seizures | 13/530 (2.5%) | 4/68 (5.9%) | 9/462 (1.9%) | 3.15 | 0.06 (0.94–10.51) |
Partial seizures | 5/222 (2.3%) | 0/25 (0.00%) | 5/197 (2.5%) | 0.69 | 0.80 (0.04–12.78) |
Obstructive sleep apnea | 186/539 (34.5%) | 22/68 (32.4%) | 164/471 (34.8%) | 0.90 | 0.69 (0.52–1.54) |
ADHD | 54/561 (9.6%) | 9/72 (12.5%) | 45/489 (9.2%) | 1.41 | 0.38 (0.67–3.02) |
Depression | 9/562 (4.2%) | 3/72 (4.2%) | 6/490 (1.2%) | 3.51 | 0.08 (0.86–14.35) |
Anxiety | 38/561 (6.8%) | 5/72 (6.9%) | 33/489 (6.7%) | 1.03 | 0.95 (0.43–2.73) |
Regression/catatonia | 17/562 (3.0%) | 2/70 (2.8%) | 15/490 (3.1%) | 0.90 | 0.90 (0.20–4.04) |