Skip to main content

Table 2 Rates of medical, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric co-morbidities of study participants

From: Co-occurring conditions in children with Down syndrome and autism: a retrospective study

Category

All (n/N, %)

DS+ASD (n/N, %)

DS-only (n/N, %)

Odds ratio

p value (95% CI)

Male sex

316/562 (56.2%)

52/72 (72.2%)

264/490 (53.9%)

2.23 a

0.004 (1.29–3.84)

English as primary language

514/559 (91.9%)

69/72 (95.8%)

445/487 (91.4%)

2.17

0.21 (0.65–7.20)

Preterm (<37 weeks gestational age) delivery

136/536 (25.4%)

19/71 (26.8%)

117/465 (25.2%)

1.09

0.77 (0.62–1.91)

NICU stay >4 days

293/514 (57.0%)

39/66 (59.1%)

254/448 (56.7%)

1.10

0.71 (0.65–1.87)

NICU complications

195/516 (37.8%)

27/65 (41.5%)

168/451 (37.3%)

1.20

0.51 (0.71–2.03)

CHD (with or without surgery) versus no CHD

320/531 (60.3.%)

33/69 (47.8%)

287/462 (62.1%)

0.56 a

0.02 (0.34–0.93)

CHD with surgery versus CHD without surgery

99/320 (30.9%)

9/33 (27.3.%)

90/287 (31.4%)

0.82

0.63 (0.37–1.84)

CHD with surgery versus no CHD

99/310 (31.9%)

9/45 (20.0%)

90/ 287 (31.4%)

0.49

0.07 (0.22–1.05)

CHD without surgery versus no CHD

221/432 (51.2%)

24/60 (40.0%)

197/372 (53.0%)

0.59

0.06 (0.34–1.03)

Atrioventricular canal defect

96/554 (17.3%)

12/71 (16.9%)

84/483 (17.4%)

0.97

0.92 (0.50–1.88)

Patent foramen ovale

74/554 (13.4%)

8/71 (11.3%)

66/483 (13.7%)

0.80

0.58 (0.37–1.75)

Patent ductus arteriosus

81/552 (14.7%)

7/71 (9.9%)

74/481 (15.4%)

0.60

0.22 (0.27–1.36)

Atrial septal defect

113/554 (24.0%)

8/71 (11.3%)

125/483 (25.9%)

0.36 a

0.009 (0.17–0.78)

Ventricular septal defect

114/553 (20.6%)

13/71 (18.3%)

101/482 (21.0%)

0.85

0.61 (0.45–1.60)

Tetralogy of Fallot

21/554 (3.8%)

5/71 (7.0%)

16/483 (3.3%)

2.21

0.13 (0.78–6.24)

Respiratory problems

250/544 (46.0%)

33/72 (45.8%)

217/472 (46.0%)

0.99

0.98 (0.60–1.64)

Congenital hypothyroidism

92/536 (17.2%)

10/70 (14.3%)

82/466 (17.6%)

0.78

0.49 (0.38–1.23)

Acquired hypothyroidism

82/535 (15.3%)

8/70 (11.4%)

74/465 (15.9%)

0.68

0.33 (0.31–1.48)

Hyperthyroidism

17/535 (3.2%)

3/69 (4.3%)

14/466 (3.0%)

1.47

0.55 (0.41–5.24)

Gl problems

337/544 (61.9%)

55/72 (76.4%)

282/472 (59.7%)

2.18 a

0.008 (1.23–3.87)

Constipation

249/544 (45.8%)

45/72 (62.5%)

204/472 (43.2%)

2.19 a

0.003 (1.31–3.65)

Gastroesophageal reflux

145/541 (26.8%)

28/72 (38.9%)

117/469 (38.9%)

1.91 a

0.01 (1.14–3.21)

Celiac

31/544 (5.7%)

5/72 (6.9%)

26/472 (5.5%)

1.28

0.63 (0.48–3.45)

GI surgery

51/414 (12.3%)

10/50 (20.0%)

41/364 (11.3%)

1.97

0.08 (0.92–4.23)

Duodenal atresia/stenosis

27/543 (5.0%)

4/72 (5.6%)

23/471 (4.9%)

1.15

0.81 (0.38–3.41)

Hirschsprung’s disease

12/542 (2.2%)

1/72 (1.4%)

11/470 (2.3%)

0.38

0.61 (0.07–4.62)

Gastrostomy tube

64/541 (11.8%)

10/68 (14.7%)

54/473 (11.4%)

1.34

0.43 (0.65–2.77)

Dysphagia without aspiration

29/541 (5.4%)

4/69 (5.8.%)

25/472 (5.3%)

1.10

0.86 (0.37–3.26)

Dysphagia with aspiration

54/542 (10.0%)

8/69 (11.6%)

46/473 (9.7%)

1.22

0.63 (0.55–2.70)

Special dietary needs

84/542 (15.5%)

14/69 (20.3%)

70/473 (14.8%)

1.47

0.16 (0.77–2.78)

Behavioral feeding problem

22/541 (4.1%)

6/69 (8.7%)

16/472 (3.4%)

2.71 a

0.04 (1.02–7.19)

Cervical spine problem/atlantoaxial instability

22/540 (4.1%)

4/68 (5.9%)

18/472 (3.8%)

1.58

0.42 (0.52–4.81)

Scoliosis

30/540 (5.6%)

8/68 (11.8%)

22/472 (4.7%)

2.73 a

0.02 (1.16–6.40)

Hearing loss

216/547 (39.5%)

31/70 (44.3%)

185/477 (38.8%)

1.25

0.38 (0.76–2.08)

Hearing aids

87/547 (15.9%)

9/70 (12.9%)

78/477 (16.4%)

0.75

0.45 (0.36–1.58)

Eustachian tube dysfunction

153/547 (28.0%)

18/70 (25.7%)

135/477 (28.3%)

0.88

0.65 (0.50–1.55)

Tympanostomy ubes

248/547 (45.3%)

29/70 (41.4%)

219/477 (45.9%)

0.83

0.48 (0.50–1.39)

History of tonsillectomy

210/544 (38.6%)

28/68 (41.2%)

182/476 (38.2%)

1.13

0.64 (0.67–1.90)

History of adenoidectomy

224/546 (41.0%)

30/70 (42.9%)

194/476 (40.8%)

1.09

0.74 (0.66–1.81)

Other ear, nose, throat surgery

77/370 (20.8%)

11/47 (23.4%)

66/323 (20.4%)

1.19

0.64 (0.57–2.46)

Vision problems

414/544 (76.1%)

49/68 (72.1%)

365/476 (76.7%)

0.78

0.40 (0.44–1.39)

Transient myeloproliferative disorder

8/529 (1.5%)

1/66 (1.5%)

7/463 (1.5%)

1.0

1.00 (0.12–8.28)

Anemia

35/532 (6.6%)

6/66 (9.1%)

29/466 (6.2%)

1.51

0.38 (0.60–3.78)

Leukemia

12/532 (2.3%)

1/66 (1.5%)

11/466 (2.4%)

0.64

0.67 (0.08–5.01)

Epilepsy

22/531 (4.1%)

6/68 (8.8%)

16/463 (3.5%)

2.70 a

0.046 (1.02–7.17)

Infantile spasms

11/530 (2.1%)

5/68 (7.4%)

6/462 (1.3%)

6.03 a

0.004 (1.79–20.34)

Generalized seizures

13/530 (2.5%)

4/68 (5.9%)

9/462 (1.9%)

3.15

0.06 (0.94–10.51)

Partial seizures

5/222 (2.3%)

0/25 (0.00%)

5/197 (2.5%)

0.69

0.80 (0.04–12.78)

Obstructive sleep apnea

186/539 (34.5%)

22/68 (32.4%)

164/471 (34.8%)

0.90

0.69 (0.52–1.54)

ADHD

54/561 (9.6%)

9/72 (12.5%)

45/489 (9.2%)

1.41

0.38 (0.67–3.02)

Depression

9/562 (4.2%)

3/72 (4.2%)

6/490 (1.2%)

3.51

0.08 (0.86–14.35)

Anxiety

38/561 (6.8%)

5/72 (6.9%)

33/489 (6.7%)

1.03

0.95 (0.43–2.73)

Regression/catatonia

17/562 (3.0%)

2/70 (2.8%)

15/490 (3.1%)

0.90

0.90 (0.20–4.04)

  1. Italics font: grouped variable
  2. aStatistically significant odds ratio