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Table 3 Examples of the sentence stimuli for each condition

From: Neurodevelopment for syntactic processing distinguishes childhood stuttering recovery versus persistence

Sentence type

Example sentences

Semantic canonical

She closes her door in pingu.

Daddy is holding another present for pingu.

The play a game in the snow.

Pingu is building a castle on the floor.

Pingu wants to play music, too.

Semantic violation

She closes her head on pingu.

Daddy is holding another backyard to pingu.

They play a hand in the snow.

Pingu is building a music on the floor

Pingu wants to play hat, too.

Phrase structure canonical (English)

Mommy and Daddy look at their son.

He makes lots of noise with that accordion.

Pingu sits on top of this igloo.

Pinga walks back to her sled withher head down.

Pingu chews with his mouth open.

Phrase structure violation (English)

Mommy and Daddy look at that their son.

He makes lots of noise with this that accordion.

Pingu sits on top of their this igloo.

Pinga walks back to their her sled with her head down.

Pingu chews with that his mouth open.

Phrase structure canonical (Jabberwocky)

Moonoo and dobah hokee at their sim.

Zhay pangdoom trayglee of toopem with that apelgoeem.

Kamgi trahbahn on top of this ubre.

Pantue boshveen back to her aheep with her burmar peem.

Fue reeab with his sheepum okim.

Phrase structure violation (Jabberwocky)

Moonoo and dobah hokee at that their sim.

Zhay pangdoom trayglee of toopem with this that apelgoeem.

Kamgi trahbahn on top of their this ubre.

Pantue boshveen back to their her aheep with her burmar peem.

Fue reeab with that his sheepum okim.