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Table 4 Descriptive statistics for sleep latency, nighttime sleep duration, and CBCL T scores as a function of positive/negative screen for the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire SRBD scale and Sleepiness subscale

From: Sleep characteristics and problems of 2-year-olds with Williams syndrome: relations with language and behavior

Measure

N

M (SD)

Mdn (IQR)

Range

Mann-Whitney U (positive vs. negative)

Z

p

Cohen’s d

Sleep latency (min)

 SRBD

  Positive

15

40.00 (20.96)

30 (30–60)

15–90

1.11

.266

0.23

  Negative

81

34.49 (21.69)

30 (18.5–45.0)

5–90

 Sleepiness

  Positive

21

34.38 (17.51)

30 (17.5–48.5)

10–60

0.70

.486

0.08

  Negative

49

32.82 (21.86)

30 (16–45)

10–90

Nighttime sleep duration (hr)

 SRBD

  Positive

15

10.05 (1.29)

10.5 (9–11)

7.5–12.3

0.83

.405

0.17

  Negative

81

10.42 (1.05)

10.5 (9.8–11)

7.3–13.3

 Sleepiness

  Positive

21

10.50 (1.22)

10.5 (9.6–11.4)

8.3–13.3

0.07

.944

0.01

  Negative

49

10.51 (0.94)

10.5 (10–11)

8.3–12.5

CBCL DSM-5-based scales

 Depressive Problems T

  SRBD

   Positive

15

67.73 (6.02)

67 (63–72)

56–77

5.13

< .001*

1.21

   Negative

81

56.21 (5.22)

56 (51–60)

50–70

  Sleepiness

   Positive

21

61.29 (8.44)

60 (54–67)

50–77

2.45

.014

0.86

   Negative

49

55.90 (5.13)

56 (51–60)

50–67

 Anxiety Problems T

  SRBD

   Positive

15

52.60 (3.96)

51 (50–54)

50–60

2.13

.033*

0.37

   Negative

81

51.15 (2.35)

50 (50–51)

50–60

  Sleepiness

   Positive

21

50.90 (2.28)

50 (50–51)

50–60

0.20

.843

0.05

   Negative

49

51.02 (2.29)

50 (50–51)

50–60

 Autism Spectrum Problems T

  SRBD

   Positive

15

59.47 (7.38)

58 (54–61)

51–79

2.63

.016*

0.50

   Negative

81

55.74 (7.14)

54 (51–58)

50–87

  Sleepiness

   Positive

21

58.05 (8.66)

58 (51–61)

50–87

0.76

.448

0.27

   Negative

49

56.12 (6.44)

54 (51–61)

50–70

 Attention/Hyperactivity Problems T

  SRBD

   Positive

15

62.87 (6.42)

64 (57–67)

54–76

4.27

< .001*

0.95

   Negative

81

54.64 (5.97)

52 (50–51)

50–76

  Sleepiness

   Positive

21

60.71 (7.04)

60 (55.5–65.5)

51–76

4.50

< .001*

1.21

   Negative

49

53.41 (5.53)

51 (50–54)

50–76

 Oppositional Defiant Problems T

  SRBD

   Positive

15

56.80 (9.07)

52 (50–64)

50–77

2.77

.006*

0.53

   Negative

81

51.30 (2.81)

50 (50–51)

50–64

  Sleepiness

   Positive

21

54.33 (6.77)

51 (50–57)

50–70

2.02

.043

0.79

   Negative

49

51.12 (2.12)

50 (50–52)

50–59

CBCL 2007 Scale

 Stress Problems T

  SRBD

   Positive

15

61.27 (10.41)

63 (53–67)

51–85

3.87

< .001*

0.83

   Negative

81

53.00 (4.12)

51 (50–53)

50–70

  Sleepiness

   Positive

21

56.81 (8.61)

53 (51–60.5)

50–85

2.87

.004*

0.66

   Negative

49

52.92 (4.37)

51 (50–53)

50–70

CBCL Higher-order Factor Scales

 Internalizing Problems T

  SRBD

   Positive

15

56.80 (6.39)

59 (51–60)

45–68

3.14

.002*

0.67

   Negative

81

49.48 (7.94)

47 (45–55.5)

29–66

  Sleepiness

   Positive

21

51.43 (8.77)

51 (47–58.5)

33–68

1.04

.300

0.21

   Negative

49

49.67 (8.04)

47 (45–56)

29–64

 Externalizing Problems T

  SRBD

   Positive

15

61.20 (9.40)

58 (54–65)

47–80

4.51

< .001*

1.03

   Negative

81

47.48 (8.31)

46 (40–54)

31–67

  Sleepiness

   Positive

21

57.00 (9.92)

56 (50–61)

39–80

4.09

< .001*

1.22

   Negative

49

46.49 (7.97)

46 (40–51.5)

32–64

 Total Problems T

  SRBD

   Positive

15

62.67 (5.82)

62 (57–66)

55–73

5.19

< .001*

1.25

   Negative

81

49.33 (7.40)

50 (43–55)

31–65

 

  Sleepiness

   Positive

21

56.81 (8.07)

57 (53–61)

40–73

3.81

< .001*

1.13

   Negative

49

48.33 (7.30)

50 (43–53.5)

31–65

  1. CBCL Child Behavior Checklist, SRBD Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder, IQR interquartile range, min minutes, hr hours, DSM-5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5
  2. *Difference remains statistically significant after Holm-Bonferroni correction