| |
ADHD without coexisting ASD
|
ADHD with coexisting ASD
|
Model 1#
|
Model 2##
|
|---|
| |
Frequency (%)
|
Frequency (%)
|
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
|
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
|
|---|
|
All individuals
|
n = 34,374
|
n = 5012
| | |
|
No treatment
|
6706 (19.5)
|
1191 (23.8)
| | |
|
Continuous treatment
|
27,668 (80.5)
|
3821 (76.2)
|
0.77 (0.72-0.83)###
|
0.80 (0.75-0.86)###
|
|
Adults
|
n = 17447
|
n = 2243
| | |
|
No treatment
|
4062 (23.3)
|
621 (27.7)
| | |
|
Continuous treatment
|
13,385 (76.7)
|
1622 (72.3)
|
0.82 (0.74-0.91)###
|
0.85 (0.77-0.94)###
|
|
Adolescents
|
n = 7784
|
n = 1070
| | |
|
No treatment
|
1319 (17.95)
|
237 (22.15)
| | |
|
Continuous treatment
|
6465 (83.05)
|
833 (77.85)
|
0.74 (0.63-0.86)###
|
0.76 (0.65-0.89)###
|
|
Children
|
n = 9143
|
n = 1699
| | |
|
No treatment
|
1325 (14.5)
|
333 (19.6)
| | |
|
Continuous treatment
|
7818 (85.5)
|
1366 (80.4)
|
0.72 (0.63-0.82)###
|
0.76 (0.66-0.87)###
|
- Note: An odds ratio below one indicate that individuals with ADHD and ASD are less likely to receive medication. Included medications in the analysis: methylphenidate, atomoxetine, dexamphetamine, modafinil, and amphetamine. “No treatment”, individuals with zero or one single filled prescription. “Continuous treatment”. two or more filled prescriptions. Age categories based on age at first ADHD diagnosis (adults, age ≥ 18 years; adolescents, age 13-17 years; children, age ≤ 12 years)
- #Adjusted for sex and birth categories in years, and year of first ADHD diagnosis
- ##Adjusted for sex, birth categories in years, year of first ADHD diagnosis, and psychiatric comorbidities before first dispense date
- ###p value < 0.0001
