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Table 3 Among individuals who started continuous treatment with medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Likelihood for receiving a specific drug treatment comparing individuals with ADHD and coexisting autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to individuals with ADHD without coexisting ASD

From: Medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with or without coexisting autism spectrum disorder: analysis of data from the Swedish prescribed drug register

 

ADHD without coexisting ASD

ADHD with coexisting ASD

Model 1a

Model 2b

 

Frequency (%)

Frequency (%)

Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)

Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)

All individuals

n = 27,668

n = 3821

  

 Methylphenidate

25,508 (92.2)

3467 (90.8)

0.84 (0.74-0.94)

0.86 (0.77-0.97)

 Atomoxetine

6553 (23.7)

1003 (26.3)

1.07 (0.99-1.16)

1.06 (0.98-1.15)

 Dexamphetamine

457 (1.7)

87 (2.3)

1.6 (1.3-2.1)

1.7 (1.3-2.1)

 Modafinil

303 (1.1)

60 (1.6)

1.7 (1.2-2.2)

1.6 (1.2-2.2)

 Amphetamine

142 (0.51)

39 (1.0)

1.9 (1.3-2.7)

1.8 (1.3-2.6)

Adults

n = 13,305

n = 1622

  

 Methylphenidate

12327 (92.1)

1477 (91.06)

0.89 (0.74-1.1)

0.92 (0.77-1.1)

 Atomoxetine

2577 (19.25)

317 (19.54)

0.98 (0.86-1.1)

0.97 (0.85-1.1)

 Dexamphetamine

413 (3.09)

82 (5.06)

1.8 (1.4-2.3)

1.9 (1.5-2.4)

 Modafinil

295 (2.2)

55 (3.39)

2.1 (1.3-3.4)

2.2 (1.3-3.5)

 Amphetamine

80 (0.6)

22 (1.36)

1.6 (1.2-2.1)

1.5 (1.1-2.1)

Adolescents

n = 6465

n = 833

  

 Methylphenidate

5922 (91.6)

757 (90.9)

0.93 (0.72-1.2)

0.99 (0.76-1.3)

 Atomoxetine

1692 (26.2)

229 (27.5)

1.0 (0.88-1.2)

1.1 (0.87-1.2)

 Dexamphetamine

21 (0.32)

3 (0.36)

0.91 (0.27-3.1)

0.71 (0.2-2.5)

 Modafinil

6 (0.09)

3 (0.36)

3.9 (0.96-15.9)

3.5 (0.78-15.4)

 Amphetamine

36 (0.56)

7 (0.84)

1.4 (0.6-3.06)

1.3 (0.55-2.9)

Children

n = 7818

n = 1366

  

 Methylphenidate

7259 (92.9)

1233 (90.3)

0.72 (0.59-0.88)

0.73 (0.60-0.90)

 Atomoxetine

2284 (29.2)

457 (33.5)

1.1 (1.0-1.3)

1.1 (1.0-1.3)

 Dexamphetamine

23 (0.29)

2 (0.15)

0.41 (0.10-1.7)

0.40 (0.09-1.7)

 Modafinil

2 (0.03)

2 (0.15)

6.02 (0.85-42.8)

5.47 (0.7739.1)

 Amphetamine

26 (0.33)

10 (0.73)

2.23 (1.07-4.6)

1.77 (0.83-3.8)

  1. Note: An odds ratio above one indicate that individuals with ADHD and coexisting ASD are more likely to receive medication and an odds ratio below one indicate that those individuals are less likely to receive medication. Significant odds ratios are marked as bolded
  2. Dexamphetamine and amphetamine required a separate application to the Swedish Medical Agency during the observation period (2005-2013). Age categories based on age at first ADHD diagnosis (adults, age ≥ 18 years, adolescents, age 13-17 years, children, age ≤ 12 years)
  3. aAdjusted for sex and birth categories in years and year of first ADHD diagnosis
  4. bAdjusted for sex, birth categories in years, year of first ADHD diagnosis, and psychiatric comorbidities before first dispense date
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Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

ISSN: 1866-1955

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