| |
ADHD without coexisting ASD
|
ADHD with coexisting ASD
|
Model 1a
|
Model 2b
|
|---|
| |
Frequency (%)
|
Frequency (%)
|
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
|
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
|
|---|
|
All individuals
|
n = 27,668
|
n = 3821
| | |
|
Methylphenidate
|
25,508 (92.2)
|
3467 (90.8)
|
0.84 (0.74-0.94)
|
0.86 (0.77-0.97)
|
|
Atomoxetine
|
6553 (23.7)
|
1003 (26.3)
|
1.07 (0.99-1.16)
|
1.06 (0.98-1.15)
|
|
Dexamphetamine
|
457 (1.7)
|
87 (2.3)
|
1.6 (1.3-2.1)
|
1.7 (1.3-2.1)
|
|
Modafinil
|
303 (1.1)
|
60 (1.6)
|
1.7 (1.2-2.2)
|
1.6 (1.2-2.2)
|
|
Amphetamine
|
142 (0.51)
|
39 (1.0)
|
1.9 (1.3-2.7)
|
1.8 (1.3-2.6)
|
|
Adults
|
n = 13,305
|
n = 1622
| | |
|
Methylphenidate
|
12327 (92.1)
|
1477 (91.06)
|
0.89 (0.74-1.1)
|
0.92 (0.77-1.1)
|
|
Atomoxetine
|
2577 (19.25)
|
317 (19.54)
|
0.98 (0.86-1.1)
|
0.97 (0.85-1.1)
|
|
Dexamphetamine
|
413 (3.09)
|
82 (5.06)
|
1.8 (1.4-2.3)
|
1.9 (1.5-2.4)
|
|
Modafinil
|
295 (2.2)
|
55 (3.39)
|
2.1 (1.3-3.4)
|
2.2 (1.3-3.5)
|
|
Amphetamine
|
80 (0.6)
|
22 (1.36)
|
1.6 (1.2-2.1)
|
1.5 (1.1-2.1)
|
|
Adolescents
|
n = 6465
|
n = 833
| | |
|
Methylphenidate
|
5922 (91.6)
|
757 (90.9)
|
0.93 (0.72-1.2)
|
0.99 (0.76-1.3)
|
|
Atomoxetine
|
1692 (26.2)
|
229 (27.5)
|
1.0 (0.88-1.2)
|
1.1 (0.87-1.2)
|
|
Dexamphetamine
|
21 (0.32)
|
3 (0.36)
|
0.91 (0.27-3.1)
|
0.71 (0.2-2.5)
|
|
Modafinil
|
6 (0.09)
|
3 (0.36)
|
3.9 (0.96-15.9)
|
3.5 (0.78-15.4)
|
|
Amphetamine
|
36 (0.56)
|
7 (0.84)
|
1.4 (0.6-3.06)
|
1.3 (0.55-2.9)
|
|
Children
|
n = 7818
|
n = 1366
| | |
|
Methylphenidate
|
7259 (92.9)
|
1233 (90.3)
|
0.72 (0.59-0.88)
|
0.73 (0.60-0.90)
|
|
Atomoxetine
|
2284 (29.2)
|
457 (33.5)
|
1.1 (1.0-1.3)
|
1.1 (1.0-1.3)
|
|
Dexamphetamine
|
23 (0.29)
|
2 (0.15)
|
0.41 (0.10-1.7)
|
0.40 (0.09-1.7)
|
|
Modafinil
|
2 (0.03)
|
2 (0.15)
|
6.02 (0.85-42.8)
|
5.47 (0.7739.1)
|
|
Amphetamine
|
26 (0.33)
|
10 (0.73)
|
2.23 (1.07-4.6)
|
1.77 (0.83-3.8)
|
- Note: An odds ratio above one indicate that individuals with ADHD and coexisting ASD are more likely to receive medication and an odds ratio below one indicate that those individuals are less likely to receive medication. Significant odds ratios are marked as bolded
- Dexamphetamine and amphetamine required a separate application to the Swedish Medical Agency during the observation period (2005-2013). Age categories based on age at first ADHD diagnosis (adults, age ≥ 18 years, adolescents, age 13-17 years, children, age ≤ 12 years)
- aAdjusted for sex and birth categories in years and year of first ADHD diagnosis
- bAdjusted for sex, birth categories in years, year of first ADHD diagnosis, and psychiatric comorbidities before first dispense date
