Fig. 3

Prenatal exposure of mice to nPM potentially caused sex and tissue-specific gene expression changes in male and female neonates. A Differential expression analysis of the cerebral cortex and blood transcriptome responses to nPM. Only female cerebral cortex had DEGs at q < 0.05 significance. B Venn diagram showing the overlapped DEGs between brain and blood of male and female neonates. For female cerebral cortex, only nPM-DEGs with q < 0.05 significance were included in the analysis. C Comparison analysis of enriched canonical pathways in all groups. The heatmap shows the top pathways shared between blood and cerebral cortex. D Potential upstream regulators of nPM responses in blood and cerebral cortex. The heatmaps are sorted based on the sum of −log10(p values) in each row. P values below 10⁻⁶ were converted to 10⁻⁶ for better visualization. E Enriched diseases in the cerebral cortex of females that were prenatally exposed to nPM. Z-score is a statistical measure that matches between expected relationship direction built from previous studies and observed gene expression. Z-scores > 2 or < − 2 is considered as significant. Note: for female cerebral cortex, only nPM-DEGs with q < 0.05 significance were included in the analysis