Fig. 1

Decreased contactin-3 expression in cortical tubers. A – RNAseq data indicating down-regulation (adjusted p = 0.05) of CNTN3 in the cohort of cortical tuber samples from 0 to 3 year old patients; B – RT-qPCR validation showed a down-regulation of CNTN3 expression (fold change = − 0.5, p < 0.01) in cortical tubers (n = 35) compared to autopsy-derived cortical control tissue (n = 27); median, **p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test; C – Semiquantitative analysis of contactin-3 immunoreactivity, showing lower neuronal IRS in cortical tubers and in perituberal areas (n = 5) compared to neurons in control cortex (n = 4); *p < 0.01, Student’s t-test