Table 1 Pooled analysis of characteristics of the children from included studies
Characteristics | Age group | Reporting studies | No. of children | Ratio, p value | Heterogeneity (I 2) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IVF | ICSI | All ART | Control | |||||
Male (%) | Toddler | 16, 21, 25 | Â | 225/497 | Â | 303/621 | 0.97 [0.88, 1.07], 0.54 | 0%, 0.78 |
17, 20 | Â | Â | 129/278 | 1032/2174 | 0.93 [0.75, 1.15], 0.52 | 0%, 0.72 | ||
Summary | Â | Â | 381/831 | 1335/2795 | 0.96 [0.88, 1.05]. 0.41 | 0%, 0.94 | ||
Preschool | 31, 34, 35, 42 | Â | 122/250 | Â | 129/250 | 0.89 [0.63, 1.27], 0.53 | 0%, 0.91 | |
34,35 | 81/164 | Â | Â | 94/170 | 0.79 [0.51, 1.21], 0.28 | 0%, 1.00 | ||
27, 28, 30, 32, 33 | Â | Â | 156/326 | 4080/7983 | 0.89 [0.69, 1.15], 0.38 | 0%, 0.84 | ||
Summary | Â | Â | 359/740 | 4303/8403 | 0.87 [0.73, 1.05], 0.15 | 0%, 0.99 | ||
Young adolescent | 44–46, 48, 49 |  |  | 6410/12,495 | 772,649/1,509,646 | 1.00 [0.98, 1.02], 0.90 | 0%, 0.78 | |
Mother’s higher education (university or above) | Toddler | 16, 21, 25 |  | 248/515 |  | 296/679 | 1.04 [0.92, 1.17], 0.58 | 0%, 0.82 |
17, 20 | Â | Â | 74/154 | 3868/10,661 | 1.11 [0.48, 2.55], 0.81 | 93%, 0.0002 | ||
Summary |  |  | 322/669 | 4164/11,340 | 1.07 [0.82, 1.41], 0.60 | 83%, < 0.00001 | ||
Preschool | 31, 34–37, 42 |  | 422/779 |  | 409/763 | 0.93 [0.75, 1.16], 0.52 | 78%, 0.0001 | |
34, 35 | 65/164 | Â | Â | 73/170 | 0.92 [0.66, 1.29], 0.64 | 41%, 0.19 | ||
28, 30, 32, 33 | Â | Â | 139/255 | 2917/6406 | 0.93 [0.80, 1.08], 0.33 | 32%, 0.22 | ||
Summary | Â | Â | 626/1198 | 3399/7339 | 0.94 [0.83, 1.07], 0.37 | 66%, 0.00005 | ||
Young adolescent | 45, 46, 48, 49 |  |  | 2907/11,293 | 359,623/1,505,567 | 1.00 [0.81, 1.23], 0.99 | 87%, < 0.00001 | |
Family financial condition | ||||||||
 Low | Toddler | 16, 25 |  | 76/480 |  | 149/626 | 0.83 [0.32, 2.13], 0.70 | 91%, 0.001 |
17, 18 | Â | Â | 53/377 | 2414/12,662 | 0.54 [0.13, 2.26], 0.40 | 90%, 0.001 | ||
Summary | Â | Â | 129/857 | 2563/13,288 | 0.72 [0.41, 1.25], 0.24 | 85%, 0.0002 | ||
Preschool | 34, 35, 38 | Â | 17/418 | Â | 15/429 | 1.17 [0.60, 2.28], 0.64 | 0%, 0.99 | |
34, 35 | 20/173 | Â | Â | 14/170 | 1.40 [0.73, 2.69] | 0%, 0.99 | ||
Summary | Â | Â | 37/591 | 29/599 | 1.29 [0.81, 2.05], 0.29 | 0%, 1.00 | ||
Young adolescent | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
 Middle | Toddler | 16, 17, 25 |  |  | 344/758 | 947/2714 | 1.09 [0.90, 1.31], 0.39 | 67%, 0.05 |
Preschool | 34, 35, 38 | Â | 151/427 | Â | 166/429 | 0.97 [0.72, 1.29], 0.89 | 45%, 0.16 | |
34, 35 | 44/164 | Â | Â | 45/170 | 1.02 [0.49, 2.12], 0.97 | 75%, 0.04 | ||
Summary | Â | Â | 195/591 | 211/599 | 0.99 [0.76, 1.29], 0.93 | 50%, 0.09 | ||
Young adolescent | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
 High | Toddler | 16, 17, 25 |  |  | 274/758 | 1167/2714 | 1.10 [0.78, 1.54], 0.60 | 83%, 0.003 |
Preschool | 34, 35, 38 | Â | 270/418 | Â | 276/429 | 0.95 [0.78, 1.17], 0.64 | 80%, 0.007 | |
| Â | 34, 35 | 126/173 | Â | Â | 139/170 | 0.90 [0.75, 1.08] 0.25 | 57%, 0.13 | |
| Â | Summary | Â | Â | 396/591 | 415/599 | 0.93 [0.84, 1.04], 0.22 | 63%, 0.03 | |
Young adolescent | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | |